
(hss PH ^ i o q 

Book^_ 



6& / 6«*&- 

INTRODUCTION 

TO 

SWEDISH GRAMMAR, 

ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF ENGLISHMEN* 



EXERCISES. 



BY THE LATE 

REV. GUSTAVUS BRUNNMARK, D. D. 

REVISED, AND WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS, 
BY THE 

REV. J. P. WAHLIN, M. A. 

CHAPLAIN TO THE SWEDISH EMBASSY AT THE COURT OF 
GREAT BRITAIN, &C. 



&onDon: 



PRINTED FOR BOOSEY AND SONS, BROAD STREET, 
ROYAL EXCHANGE. 

1825. 



^SL Of? UMC^iV 






LONDON : PRINTED AT THE CAMBERWELL PRESS, 
BY J. B* G. VOGEL, 1, ST. GEORGE'S PLACE. 



PREFACE- 



In compliance with the desire of the Publishers, 
whose names are very familiar to the Literary Public 
in England and abroad, I have revised the u Intro- 
duction to Swedish Grammar" by the late Rev. 
G. Brunnmark, and in this Third Edition made 
several alterations, which I fain would call improve- 
ments. The orthoepical part has been entirely re- 
modelled and enlarged, rules and remarks, which 
appeared unnecessarily long and vague, have been re- 
scinded and rendered more definite, and a new series 
of exercises has been added. My object, whatever 
may be the result of this attempt at improvement, 
has been, like that of the celebrated author of this 
work, to facilitate to English Gentlemen, (of whom 
I have had the honour to instruct several,) the study 
of a language, which ranks high for the energy of its 
expressions, the richness of its inversions and the 
euphony of its sounds, — a language, whose literary 



treasures and whose poetry, majestic, sublime, ro- 
mantic, like the scenery of Sweden, or sprightly, 
brilliant, fanciful, like the vived flashes of the Aurora 
Borealis in the northern sky, those will know how to 
appreciate, who are familiar with the writings of a 
Kellgren, a Leopold, a Faanz£n, a Tegner, a 
Wallin, a Ling, and which must ever be of the 
highest interest to the lover of the antiquities, the my- 
thology and the popular tales and songs of the Scan- 
dinavians. 

J. P, WAHLIN. 



30 Prince's Square, Ratcliff Highway, 
Jan, 20M, 1825. 



AN 

INTRODUCTION 

TO » 

SWEDISH GRAMMAR. 

Of the Alphabet and the Sounds of the Letters. 

The Swedish Alphabet consists of twenty-eight 
Letters, nine of which are 

Vowbls, viz. 

A sounds like the English a in father, when long ; 
and like a in fat, when short. Ex. Al, all, hat, 
halt, Adam, ask. 

E sounds like ey in they, or e in delight, when 
long ; and like e in mend, when short. Ex. De, 
dela, mera, mest, embete, exempel, denne, men, 
{but). 

For its more slender sound, when short, as in ende, 
enkel, hvem, there is no perfectly correspond- 
ing sound in the English language. 

I sounds like the English ee in bee, when long ; and 
like i in mill, when short. Ex. Bi, ide, ister, mil- 
lion, inbilla. y 
B 



O, (the Greek w) sounds nearest to oo in pool, when 

long, and to o in collier, when short. Ex. Ode, 

hof {hoof), mogen, Olof, ofta, om, komma, pro- 

tokoll, koja, stor, storm. 
For its short sound, as pronounced in ost, ostron, 
- bom, torn, there is no corresponding sound in the 

English language. 
U sounds like the English u, in rain, when long ; 

and like u, in bull, when short. Ex. Ut, runa, 

udd, unna,ful,full, under. 
Y sounds like the French u m une, when long ; and 

like u in hutte, when short. Ex. Yta, lysa, ytter- 

%j gi/ tf Ja> yster, syster. 
A sounds like the English o in poker, when long ; 



and like o in con, when short. Ex. A I, aker, 
stal, ater, aska, anga, atta, alder, halla, valla, 
mande. 
A sounds like the English a in fate, when long, 
and like e in mend, when short. Ex. At, adel, dtt, 
annu, man {men), vanda, sanda. 
O sounds like the French eu in feu, when long, 
and like eu in feuille, when short. The nearest 
resembling sound in the English language is i or 
u, as pronounced in girdle, firsts murder, fun, sun- 
der. Ex. Ode, gora, for a, fbrst, bster, m'drda, 
sbndra, bblja, fbl, folja. 

As to the pronunciation of e, o, a and a, it ought 
to be observed, that e, even as short, sometimes keeps 
its original sound of the long or slender e, as in en 
{one), ende, eld, redd ; that o, though long, is in some 
instances pronounced like a, as in konung, kona, hof 



3 

(court), lof, kol (coal) ; that e is used in some words 
for a, as in der, erbjuda ; and that a is sometimes sub- 
stituted for the short o, as in halla, &c.O 
And nineteen Consonants. 



B says bey, 


(ey pro. 


N 


— 


n 


nounced as ey in they) 


P 


— 


v*y 


C — cey 




Q 


— 


coo 


D — dey 




R 


— 


err (as in sir, err, 


F - / 








porter) 


G — yey 




S 


— 


s 


FI ~ ho 




T 


— 


t 


I — ee 




V 


— 


vey 


K — co 




X 


— 


X 


L — / 




z 


— ■ 


satah 


M t)l 











The Sounds of all the Consonants after the different 
Vowels. 

After the Vowel A. 

Single Sounds. Double Sounds, 

B. Stab, Babel, sabel. 
D. Bad, glad, qvad, rad, 

stad. 

(1) A vowel is generally short, when followed by two conso- 
nants, or by consonants sonsidered as double, viz. j, m, n, &c. 
1 deem it superfluous to say more on this head, as the genuine 
sound of e, and particularly of o, in the Swedish language, cannot 
be ascertained by signs, but must be learned by hearing. Those who 
may wish to see this subject fully discussed, will find it in the trans- 
actions or records of the Swedish Academy, (Swenska Akademiens 
Handlingar,) 1801, Vol. i, page 103, and the following. 

B 2 



Single Sounds. Double Sounds. 

F - 4f> S a f> § la f> g™f- 
G. Behag) drag, lag) 

slag. 
1. Aj) baj) haj, kaja, Maj> 

tyc. 
K. Bak) rak, sak. 
L. Dal) fal) sal) tal. 

M» Frani) gam, giant) kam^ 

Exc. kram y lam) rani) skani) stam. 

tarn. 
N. Fan 9 kran) man) tran) Exc. An) hat?) kan) man. 

van. 
P. Egenskap)gap)Skrap. 
R. Ba^ dar y fa^ har) 

qvar* 
S. As) fnaS)fras. 
T. Flat) hat) lat) mat) 

stat. 
X. Ax 3 laX) saX) strax 9 vax. 

After the Vowel E. 

B. Ebenhols. 

D. Bed) besked) fred 9 

led) ned) sed. 
F . Blef) bref) dref) skref. 
I. Ej) hej) nej. 

K. Blek) ek) lek) stek. 
L. Del) f el, hel)juvel. 



Single Sound. 


Double Sound. 


M. 


JDem, hem, fern, lem, 




rem, stem. 


N. En, gen, len, men, 


Exc. Den, igen, men, sen, 


ren, sen. 


{sedan.) 


f. Grep, knep,rep* 




ft. Er, fler, ger, lev. 




S. Ges, mes, ses* 




T. Bet, get, gret, slet. 




X. 


Heoca, lexa, sex. 


After the Vowel I. 


B. Karaib. 




D. Blid, lid, sprid, tid. 




F. Blif,gif,rifskrif 




G. Blig, dig, krig, sig. 

T 




J.* 

K. Lik, rik,Jlik, spik. 




L. Fil, il, mil, sil. 




M. 


Fornim, Urn, rim, stim. 


Exc. Prima, tima. 




N. Fin y karbin, Latin. 




P. Grip, knip, pip. 




R. Blir, Visir, klistir. 




S. Is,paradis, ris, spis. 




T. Aptit, kredit, split, nit. 




X. 


Fix, blix. 


After the Vowe 


l O, (omega.) 


B. Glob. 




D. Bod, flod, god, lod, 




mod, stod. 





Single Sound* Double Sound. 

F. Behof, bofgroflof 

tof. 

G. Fog, log, nog, plog, 

tog. 

I. 

K. Bok, dok, krok, ok, 
slok. 

M. Bom, dom 9 from, gom, 

Exc. Horn, kroma, dom > tom * 
loma. 

N. Baron, bron, galon, Exc. Hon, (she.) 
hon (af ho) puU 
tron, ton, tron. 

P. Glop, grop, hop, rop. 

R. Bor, bror, Jlor, kor. 

S. Kos, mos, nos, os. 

T. Bot, cmot,fot,rot. 

X. Boxera, fox, koxa, oxe. 

After the Vowel O, (omikron.) 
B. 
D. 

F. Dof, hoflof, skof sof. 
G. 

I. Boj, hojta, koj, stoj. 

L. 

M. Kom,om, som, tomback. 

N, Son. 
P. 

n. 

s. 



Single Sound. 


Double Sound. 


T. 




X. 




After the Vowel U. 


B. Kerub, tub. 




D. Brud, bud, Gud, Ijud, 




skrud. 




F. Ljuf, stuf, tjuf, uf. 




G. Dug, hug, (jug, slug. 




J. 


Huj. 


K. Bruk, buk, duk. 




L. Ful, gul, hjul. 




M. 


Dum, hum, krum, ljum, 




rum, skum, stum. 


N. Basun, dun, fjun, 


Exc. Mun. 


harpun. 




P. Bur, djur, hur, ur. 




S. Dus 9 hus, lus, krus, 




T Drasut, hut, krut, 




X. 


Flux. 



After the Vowel Y. 

B. 

D. Lyd, pryd, tyd. 

F. Klyf, styf, yf. 

G. Betyg, blyg, dryg. 
I. 

K. Byk, ryk, stryk. 

M. Grym, rym } skym. 



Single Sound. Double Sound. 

N. Blyn, bryn, skyn. 
P. Dryp, nyp. 
R. Dyr,flyr,yr. 
S. Hys, lys, mys, rys. 
T. Byt,flyt, ryt. ' 
X. Byx, styx, yx. 



After the Vowel A. 
B. 
D. Da d, nad, rad. 

F. Haf, (fiskredskap.) 

G. Lag, mag, rag. 
I. 

K. Braky bak, pjak. 

L. Baly kaly mal, stal, tal, 
al. 

M. Rampant. 

Exc. Glamig,inkram, 

pram, rama, skra- 

ma, am. 

N. Han, fran, man, 
span. 

P. Drap, skap, Tap. 

R. Bar, gar, har, lar. 

S. Bestas, bias, fas, las. 

T. Bat, forsat, lat. 

X. 

After the Vowel A. 

B. 

D. Glad, spcid, sad. 



Single Sound. 

F. Hdfjdf, qvaf. 

J. 

K. Lak, spdk. 

L, Grdl, hal, sjdl. 

M. 

Exc. Beqvdm, brdm, 
krdm, fbrndm, 
grama, sdmja, 
tdmja, vamjas. 

N. Han, ldn y van. 

P. Drap, slap, skrdp. 

R. Bar, har, Mr. 

S. Fjas, grds, las, nas. 

T. Fjdt, lat, mat, ndt. 

X. 



Double Sound* 
Sdj, vaj. 



Kldm, lam, shram, skdm, 
stam. 



Exc. Man, van, an. 



After the Vowel O. 



B. 

D. Blbd, bod, rod, snbd, 
stbd. 

F. Behbf, dbfy lof. 

G. Drbg, hog, slog. 
J. 

K. Fbrbk, krbk, Ibk. 
L. Gbl, pbl, bly 
M. 



N. Don, grbn, Ion. 



Bbj, drbj, fbrnbj, hbj, 
bbj, rbj 



Berbm, drbm,dbm,glbm, 
gbm, strbm, sbm, torn, 
bm. 



10 
Single Sound. Double Sound, 

P. Krop, hop, lop. 
R. Dor, gor, hbr, tot. 
S. Fos, gbs, Ids. 
T. Blot) mot) shot. 
X. 

Obs. The Swedish pronunciation of &, c, tf, g, p, 
t, and 2, differs from the English in the same degree, 
as the sound of the letter e differs in the two lan- 
guages. 

Every vowel, even e final, must be distinctly pro- 
nounced, as pelare, not pelar. 

The Swedish language has no diphthongs. When 
two vowels occur together, they must both be heard, 
as be-e-diga, bro-ar. 

Of the vowels four are hard, viz, a, o, u, a ; the 
other five, e, i, y, a, b, soft. I call them so by way 
of distinction, because some consonants (c, ch, g, k, 
and sk) before the former have a harder sound, before 
the latter a softer, N. B. rvhen they belong to the 
same syllable. 

C before the hard sounds as k, before the soft as 
$ : Cato, Citron, read Kato, Sitron. 

CH occurs only in foreign words and proper names, 
and is pronounced before the hard vowels (and at 
the end of words) as k, before the soft as tj : Charon, 
China, read Karon, Tjina. (Cawron, Cheenah.) 

G before the hard sounds as g in good, before the 



11 

soft as the Swed. j (or Eng.y) : ge, ( 2 ) gille, gynna, 
gast, gora, read je, jille, jynna, jast, jora. 

K before the hard sounds as k in king; before the 
soft as tj : ked, kid, kyss, kdr kbp, read tjed, tjid, 
tjjss, tjar, tjop. 

SK before the hard sounds as sk in skull, before 
the soft as the Swed. sj, or sch, (the Eng. sh,) ; sked, 
skidd, sky, sktir, skbn, read sjed, sjida, sjy, sjar, sjon. 

f in the end of a word is always pronounced as 
v, ( 3 ) af, href, read av,brev; and if the word be 
augmented, a v is put in after /, as graf, (grave) plu- 
ral grafvar, read grav-var. 

g at the end of a syllable, when preceeded by ano- 
ther consonant, (except n) is generally heard as j : 
talg, tallow, vargskin, wolfskin; read talj, varj-skin. 

When gn end a syllable, they are heard nearly as 
ngn: regn, rain, vagn, coach ; read rengn, vangn. 

(2) If e (or i) belongs m a nominal or verbal termination (as in 
mogen, dragen, or to the cL finite article, added to a noun ending 
withg-, (as in s&ngen, lagen), then g retains its primitive sound. 
The same observation relates also to the other above-mentioned 
changeable consonants . The nominal terminations here alluded to 
are chiefly, e, el, en, er, eri, ig, isk, 8fc. 

(3) The same may be said when it is the last letter of any syllable, if 
we attend to the original spelling of the same, Afton, efter, ofta, $c. 
are no exceptions, for/ is here, though commonly spelt so, not the 
last letter in the syllable ; it therefore retains its genuine sound (the 
words ought to be divided aft-on, eft-er, oft-a) but in brefbok, 
skriftyg, Sfc. the case is different. Being here originally the last^ we 
of course read brev-bok, skriv-tyg. 



12 

h before j and v loses its aspiration : hjelp, hvilken, 
read jelp, vilken. 

k before n> as also v or w (if it be used) before r, 
are both distinctly heard, as in kna, knee ; vrang 
wrong. 

stj sounds like the Sw. sj, or Eng. sh, as stjerna, 
star; read sjerna (share-nah). 

th and w are pronounced as t and v ; Thron, tron, 
Thorsdag, torde, Wasa, vase. 

Consonants must not be pronounced as double, 
unless written so ( 4 ) : hat, hatred , vis, wise, read 
hawt, vees ; but when doubled, they should always 
be heard so, as hatt, hat, viss, certain, all, all ; 
particularly as many words, of a very different 
signification, are only hereby distinguished from 
each other, as hat and hatt ; ful, foul ; full, full ; 
hop, heap ; hopp, hope, &c. 



(4.) Except (a) such consonants as have a double sound in them- 
selves, as,;, m, a;. 

(b) When two consonants end a syllable, the former commonly 
sounds double, as stark, strong ; verk, work, read starrk, varrk \ but 
it requires some knowledge of the language before it is possible to 
tell which, or how many letters belong to a syllable, ex. gr. n in 
benknota, knuckle, is not doubled, because we spell bcn-knota; but in 
bdnkrad, row of benches, it is, because n and k here belong to the 
same syllable, as bank-rad. 

(c) The last consonant in a short syllable, as n and d in gifven, 
hatad. 

(d) The letter n, when the last in short monosyllables, is doubled, 
as in han 9 hon (she) den, din, in, man, men, min, sin ; their number, 
however, is but small? 



13 



Of the Noun Substantive. 

The noun substantive is either Masculine, Femi- 
nine, or Neuter ( 5 ) and is inflected after five declen- 
sions, which are distinguished by their terminations 
in plural, viz. 
The 1st ends in plural in or : bona, bean ; pi. honor. 

The 2d in ar: ring, ring; phringar. 

The 3d in er : park, park ; pi. parker. 

The 4th adds in plural an n : fdste, hold ; pi. fasten. 
The 5th is alike in sing* and plur. band, band ; pi. 

band. 

The cases are expressed by the context or by 
particles. One only is inflected, viz, the genitive, 
which is formed by adding an s to the nominative, 
as ring, gen. rings. The particles thus used are af, 
of; at or till, to ; fran from. 

Some nouns are only used in singular, as hopp, 
talg, hjelp ; and almost all ending with an, as Vang- 
tan, longing; others only in plural, as for'dldrar, 

(5) The different genders have no fixed characteristics. It seems 
however as if the declensions nearest decided them ; thus all nouns 
of the first are feminine, all of the fourth and fifth neuter; but to 
tell whether nouns of the second and third declensions are masculine 
or feminine is not so easy. I would here, as the same article (en) is 
applied to both, follow the example of the Danish Grammarians, and 
above all, that of Professor Jac. Baden, in his Forelcesninger over 
det Danske Sprog, Lectures on the Danish Language, and with him 
admit of a common gender, if what he says C. iv. p. 58. of the in- 
troduction of den (that or it) for han and hun (he and shej was 
equally applicable to the Swedish. 



14 

parents ; syskon, brothers and sisters ; kldder, clothes, 
and some have an irregular plural, as Jus louse, pi. 
loss; gas, goose, pi. gassj bga, eye, pi. ogon; bra, 
ear, pi. bron, &c. 



First Declension, plural in or. 
Nouns of the first declension end with an a in 
singular, which is left out in plural, and are all fe- 
minine, as 

Sing. nom. Penna, pen; Plur. n. pennor. 
gen. pennas, • — g. pennor s. 



Second Declension plural in ar. 

Nouns of different terminations in singular be- 
long to this declension, and are either masculine or 
feminine, as 

s. n. Penning, coin. pi. Penningar. 

s. g. Pennings. Penningars. 

s. n. Sjal, soul. pi. Sjalar. 

s. g. Sjals. Sjalars. 

Obs. a. Nouns of this declension, ending with e 
in singular, leave out that e in plural, as pale, pole ; 
fale, fole; \A. p alar, f alar ; but all other vowels re- 
main. 

b. The plural termination ar suffers no contrac- 
tion, although the noun end with a vowel, as sky, 
sky, pi. skyar ; a, river, pi. uar, b, island, pi. oar. 

c. In the singular number, if the letter, preceding 
the last in a word of this declension, be a vowel, then 



15 

that vowel is left out in plural, as himmel, heaven, pL 
himlar, instead of himmelar ; afton, evening, pi. 
aftnar, instead of aftonar, &?c. But if the word be 
monosyllabic, the vowel must be retained, as sten, 
stone; pi. stenar. 

d. In a few nouns, belonging to this declension, 
the o in singular is changed into 6 in plural, as mo- 
der, mother, pi. modrar, dotter daughter, pi. dot- 
trar. 



Third Declension, plural in er 
Nouns of this Declension are also variously ter- 
minated in singular, and are (with one exception 
only) masculine or feminine, as 
s.n. planet, pi. planeter. g. planets, planeters. 

s.n. mark, land, pi. marker, g. marks, markers. 

If a noun of this declension end in singular with 
a vowel, e is omitted before r in plural, as hustru, 
wife; sko, shoe ; ta, toe; plur. hustrur, skor, tar, in- 
stead of hustruer^ &c. Obs. Nouns of the neuter 
gender, (all of which end with i) are excepted from 
this rule, as bryggeri, brewery, plur. bryggerier ; 
jiskeri, pi. Jiskerier. Also words adopted from 
foreign languages, of whatever gender they may be, 
provided they belong to this declension; as akademi, 
pi. akademier, arme, pi. armeer, &c. 

In some words of this declension also, the vowel 
in singular is changed into another in plural, as hand, 
pi. hdnder; fot, pl.fotter; tang; pi. tanger,tongs. 



16 



Fourth Declension. 

Nouns of this declension are all neuter, and ter- 
minate in singular with a vowel, to which an n is 
added in plural, as hjerta, heart, pi. hjertan; kmi, 
knee, pi. knan; bo ; nest, pi. bon ; Made, cloth, pi. 
hidden; bi, bee, pi. bin ; and are inflected as all others 
in the genitive case. 



Fifth Declension. 

Nouns of this declension, or such as are the same 
in singular and plural, are neuter, and of different 
terminations, as segel, sail and sails ; rum, room and 
rooms. Except only those ending with are, which 
are all masc. as bagare, baker and bakers, &c. 



Of the Adjectives. 

An adjective has generally three degrees of com- 
parison, viz. the Positive, the Comparative, and the 
Superlative. The termination are, added to the posi- 
tive, makes the regular comparative, and ast the su- 
perlative ; as glad, gladare, gladast. N.B. A few 
leave out the a, retaining only re and st, as h'6g s high, 
hogre, h'dgst, not hbgare, hdgast, &c. 

Such adjectives as do not admit of a regular com- 
parison express the comparative and superlative de- 
grees by mer and mest, more, most 5 or mindre and 



17 
minst, less, least. Of this kind are chiefly all ending 
with ad, and such as are formed of proper names, all 
of which end in sk, as platonisk, platonic; Romersk, 
Roman. 

Some adjectives have lost their positive degree, 
which is supplied by another word of the same or 
nearest signification. Such are, ex. gr. tarre, vcirst, 
worse, worst (posit, elak, bad) ; samre, inferior, samst 
(posit, dalig, good for nothing, precarious) &c. 

Adjectives not monosyllables, ending with al, el, 
en, and er, when these syllables are not accentuated, 
(which they are in a few adopted words) leave out 
the a and the e in the comparisons, as gammal, old, 
gamlare ; trogen, true, trognare ; mager, meagre, 
magrare, &c. 

Adjectives are in some instances declined in the ge- 
nitive case by adding an s to the nominative, as den 
fbrste, den forstes. 

Adjectives ending with s admit of an absolute or 
indefinite genitive case only in the comparative de- 
gree, as vis ares. 

Adjectives have three genders of which the Mas- 
culine and Feminine in singular are always the same, 
as glad man, glad moder ; but the Neuter is formed 
by adding a t, as gladtfolk, unless the word ends with 
t or en. In the former case it is the same through 
all the genders, as fast, salt ; in the latter, en is 
changed into et, as liten, neut. litet. 

The Plural number is formed by adding e or a to 
the positive singular, as glad, pi. glade, or better^ 



18 
glada ( 6 ) . The comparative and superlative degrees 
are the same in both numbers, as tffe, pi. vise^ or tiisa, 
comp. visare, sup. visast. 

Adjectives, ending with a, are through all the gen- 
ders the same both in singular and plural, as ringa, 
poor, humble ; stilla, quiet, &c. 



Examples of Adjectives, inflected in their indefi- 
nite and definite state. 

Singular. 
Masc. Fem. Neut. 

N. En god fader. En god moder. Etf godt barn. 
G. En god faders. En god moders. Ett godt barns. 
D. En god fader. En god moder. Ett godt barn, S?c. 

Masc. 

Sing. Plur. 

N. Den godefadren. N. De gode or goda fci- 

dren. 
G. Den gode fadrens. G. De goda fddrens. 
I). Den gode fadren. D.Degodafadren, S?c. 

Fem. 
N. Den goda modren. N. De goda modrarne. 

G. Den goda modrens. G. De goda mbdrarnes. 
D. Den goda modren. D. De godamodrarne^c. 

(6.) e was formerly meant for the masculine gender only, as a is 
still for the feminine and neuter ; but now-a-days a is (with a few ex- 
ceptions) used as well for the masculine as for the other two genders. 



19 



Sing, 
N. Det goda barnet. 
G. Det goda bar nets. 
D. Det goda barnet. 

N. God gosse. 
G. God gosses. 
D. God gosse. 

N. S/eon /licka. 
G. Skbnjlickas. 
D. SAo/z flicka. 

N. Vackert barn. 
G. Vackert barns. 
D. Vackert barn. 



Neut. 

Plur. 

N. De goda b amen. 
G. De goda barnens. 
D, JDc goda barnen, 8?c. 

Masc. 

N. GWa gossar. 
G. Goda gossars. 
D. GW0 gossar, $?c. 

Fem. 

N. Skbna flickor. 
G. Skona jftickors. 
D. Skona flickor, fyc. 



Neut. 



N. Vackra barn. 
G. Vackra barns. 
D. Vackra barn, Sfc* 



Masc. 



N. .Mm gode or godavdn 
G. Min gode vans. 
D. it/m gode van. 

N. iMm gWa syster. 
G. Min goda systers. 
D. .Mim gocfo syster. 



N. AMft goda Aarw. 
G. M^ goda barns. 
D. JWiYJ gorfa barn. 



N. ifeTma g*oc?« vdnner. 
G. Mina goda vdnner s. 
D.Mina goda vdnner i $c. 

Fem. 

N. Mina goda systrar. 

G. Mina goda systras. 

D.Mina goda systrar$c. 

Neuter. 

N. Mina goda barn. 
G, Mina goda barns. 
D. Mina goda barn, fyc. 



20 



Of the Articles. 

The articles are two, viz. the Indefinite and the 
Definite. 

The indefinite is en (a) for the masculine and fe- 
minine gender, and ett for the neuter, as en konung, 
a king ; en drottning, a queen ; ett ting, a thing. ' 

The definite state is expressed by adding en or et 
after the noun, as konungen, the king ; drottningen, 
the queen ; tinget f the thing. < 

If the noun ends with a vowel, the e is omitted 
and n or t only added to it in its definite state ; as 
hustru, wife; defin. hustrun, not hastruen ; arbete, 
arbetet, not arbeteet. From this rule are excepted 
those of the third declension ending with i, asjiskeri; 
def. Jiskeriet, not fiskerit; and nouns of that declen- 
sion, adopted from foreign languages, as akademi, te^ 
tea ; def. akademien, teet, as also monosyllabic nouns 
of the fourth declension, ex. gr. knd, def. kndet ; bi f 
biet. * 

Nouns ending with an, and en, and having no plu- 
ral, do not admit any addition in their definite state, 
as fruktan, fear ; borgen, bail. * 

The e is also generally left out before n and t, when 
the word ends with el or er, and is not monosyllabic, 
as mantel, def. manteln; hunger, def. hungerni?). — Ex- 
cept those of the fifth declension, which retain the c of 

(7) That the word himmel, heaven (and two or three more) when 
used emphatically, either retain the full construction, as himmelen, or 
leave out the e of their own termination, as hinilen, does not seem of 
sufficient weight to alter the rale. 



21 
the article, both in singular and plural, but throw 
away the e of their own termination, as hagel, hail : 
def. h aglet* * 

The article en, neut. ett, has an obsolete plural, ene 
or ena, as sma ena, little ones ; and although it is no 
longer used by itself in writing, it is constantly added 
to plural nouns to make them definite, when however 
only the terminations ne or na, are retained, as konun- 
garne, not konungarene, the kings ; bonorna, not 65- 
norena, the beans. Nouns of the fifth declension (all 
but those ending with are) are here again an excep- 
tion ; as they leave out the e or a final of the plural 
article, retaining only en, to make them definite in 
plural, as hagel, pi. def. haglen, not hagelna. ' 

The adjectives have also a definite termination, 
namely, e or a, added to the positive degree, as glade, 
or better, glada, and an e (the comparitive has e be- 
fore) to the superlative, as gladaste, gen. gladastes ; 
thus the positive singular, in the definite state, is the 
same as the positive plural, which the context must 
distinguish, as also whether the adjective stands in 
singular or plural, which when definite always are 
alike. " For instance, store konung ! store konungar ! 
store konungar Jinnas. Here store is used three dif- 
ferent ways : the first is definite singular, the second 
definite plural, and the third is a simple plural* But 
this will be more clearly seen hereafter. v 

As the article never stands by itself, but must be 
supported by a noun, ( 8 ) so when pronouns (whose 

(8,) See Apollonius de Syntaxi, L. i. C. 3. L. ii. C. 8. 



22 
characteristic on the contrary it is to stand by them- 
selves and assume the power of other nouns) do not 
supply the place of other nouns, but only serve to as- 
certain one ; they seem rather to fall into the species 
of articles ( 9 ) But besides this every pronoun in 
the Swedish language is in itself either definite or in- 
definite, which best appears from the powers they 
have on the adjectives; for all definite pronouns 
place the following adjectives in the definite state, 
whilst the indefinite leave the adjectives also indefi- 
nite. 

The definite are chiefly the personal, possessive, 

and demonstrative pronouns, as Jag, I ; die, thou ; 
mxn, mitt, my, mine ; din, ditt, thy ? thine ; den, det, 
that ; denne, detta, this, &c. ' 

The indefinite are, tear, hvart, or hvarje, Ircar- 
ochen, hvartochett, every one ; hvem, hvilken, hvil- 
Jcet, ( 10 ) hvad, what ; ingen, intet y none ; sadan, sci- 
dant, such ; en annan, ett annat, another ; hvarcin* 
nan,hxartannat, every other, all, allt, all; mangen, 
rnanget, many. > 

On substantives the pronouns have very little influ- 
ence. Such only as can be definitely expressed them- 
selves place, when so used, the substantives in the 
definite state. Of this description are ex. gr. the 
three following: Sjelf, self; defin r sje!fve or sjelfca ; 

(9.) See Varro De Ling. Lat. L. viu 

(10.) When it signifies what or whatu y as hvilken star dag ! what a 
great day 1 but when it answers to which, the subsequent adjective 
must always be in the definite state, as hvilken stora dag skall kommat 
da, Sfc. which great day is to come, when, &a 



23 

en, one ; def. ene or ena ; annan, other ; def . andre 
or andra, as sjelfva saken, ena handen, andra boken. / 

But of all the pronouns there is none partakes so 
much of the nature of an article as den, neut. det ; 
for besides that it always makes the following adjec- 
tive definite, it also, when used as a pronoun, (signi- 
fying that or that very) places the substantive( n ) 
in the definite state, as jag har den boken, 1 have that 
book. But it is often used as a mere demonstrative 
particle, when it leaves the substantive in the indefi- 
nite state, as den skillnad som ar, the difference which 
is ; and it then answers to the in the English. ' 

Observe here also that denne, this, when used 
more demonstratively (signifying the same, as denhdr, 
this very), always requires the following substantive 
to be definite. Thus denna boken, means this (very) 
book ; denna bok simply, this book, * 



Of the Pronouns. 

The Pronouns have been considered under the 
preceding head, as far as they appear as articles. ( 12 ) 
As nouns they will best be learnt by attending to the 
opposite English words, as 



(li.) Except proper names and sometimes words denoting the affec- 
tions of the mind (when used emphatically) as hat, hatred; karleki 
lore, &c. 

12. See further on this subject Harris's Hermes, or Philosophical 
Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar, B. i. C. 5,1 B. ii. C. 1. 



24 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Jag, 


I. 


Vi, we. 


Mig, 


me. 


Oss, us. 


Du, 


thou 


J, you. 


Dig, 


thee 




s & 


himself, herself, itself, and themselves. 






Singular. 


Han, he. 




Hon, she. Det, it. 


Hans, his. 




Hennes, her or hers. Dess, its. 


Honom, him, 




Henne, her. 

Plural. 
De, they. 
Deras, their or theirs. 
jDeTrc, them. 



Sing. Min, neut. wz#£, my or mine. 
Din, neut. ditt, thy or thine. 

Plur. Mina. gen. minas. 

Dina, gen. din as. 
Sing. Far, neut. var/, our or ours. 

Ucter, neut. edert, your or yours. 
Plur. Vara, g. Varas. 

Edra, g. Edras. 
Sing. Si/2, neut. st#, his, her or hers, and its. 
Plur. Sina, g. s/was, their or theirs. 

An example will best prove the use of this pro- 
noun : Han tog sin hatt, he took his (own) hat. Han 
og hans hatt, he took his (another's) hat. PL De 
ogo sina hattar. 



25 



Sing. 






Sing. 


f. Deri) neut. 


detj 


that. 


N. Denne or denna, 
neut. de£ta, this. 


. Dens. 






G. Dennes or dennas, n. 
deltas. 


Plur. 






Plur. 


De, those. 






N. Desse or dessa, these. 
G. Dessas. 



Singular. 

N. Annan, other, neut. annat. gen. annans, annats. 

defin. Andre or andra, gen. andras. 

Plural. 
N. Andre or andra, gen. andras. 

Obs. The definite singular of this pronoun (as 
well as of .ye//*,) is the same as the plural which, if 
not made definite by tfe, leaves the following substan- 
tive in the indefinite state, as andrahattar, or de andra 
hattarne. This latter observation however does not 
relate to sjelf, which, when used as an adjective pro- 
noun, always places its substantive in the definite 
state ; we cannot say sjelfva hattar, but sjelfoa hat- 
tarne. 

Ho and hvem, who ; (hvars, obsol. hvems, whose ; 

hvem, whom) are used in questions. 
Hvilken, neut. hvilket, gen. hvilkens, hvilkets, (better 

hvars,) pi. hvilka, gen. hvilkas. This pronoun 

answers to who, which and what, and is used both 

as a simple relative and in questions. 
C 



Som, the common subjunctive pronoun, answers to 
who^ which and that. It is used both after persons 
and things, and never begins a sentence. 

Hvar, neut. hvart, every ; gen. hvars ; (this genitive, 
when not compounded, answers to whose) . 

Man is the impersonal pronoun, commonly translated 
with one or we, as man kan ej, one cannot ; hvad 
shall man gora ? what shall we do, what is to be 
done ? 

The rest of the pronouns are easily learnt by prac- 
tice. I have only to add, that such as are compound- 
ed are generally inflected as when single ; thus the 
neuter gender of hvarannan is hvartannat ; the geni- 
tive case of hvarochen is hvarsochens, &c. 



Of the Numerals. 

These are of two kinds, the indefinite and definite. 
The former (commonly called cardinal) leave the fol- 
lowing noun in the indefinite state ; the latter (or or- 
dinal) require it to be definite ( 13 ),- as en gang, one 
time ; fdrsta gangen, first time ; sexton ar, sixteen 
years ; sextonde aret, sixteenth year. 



(13.) Except when a pronoun is used before them, or when a noun, 
pronoun or participle that belongs to the same sentence precedes 
them in the genitive case, as pa mitt sextonde ar 9 in my sixteenth 
year ; Komingens andra Son, the king's second son ; for in these 
cases the definite numerals are under the same rules as adjectives, 
(see the syntax) and leave the following substantive in the indefinite 
state. 



27 
The Indefinite or Cardinal. 



En, ett 1 




Sexton 


16 


Tb& 


2 




Sjutton 


17 


Tre 


3 




Aderton 


18 


Fyra 


4 




Nitton 


19 


Fern 


5 




ljuge 


20 


Sex 


6 




Tjugeen- 


ett 21 


Sju 


7 




Tretti 


30 




Atta 


8 




Forti 


40 


Nie( u ) 


9 




Femti 


50 


Tie 


10 




Sexti 


60 


Elfva 


11 




Sjutti 


70 


Tolf 


12 




Atli 


80 


Tretton 13 




Nitti 


90 


Fjorton 


14 




Hundra 


100 


Femton 


15 




Tusen 


1000. 




The Definite 


or Ordinal. 




F6rste,f'6rsta 


1st 


Nionde 


9th 


Andre, andra 


2nd 


Tionde 


10th 


Tredje 




3d 


Elfte 


Uth 


Fjerde 




ith 


Tolfte 


12th 


Femte 




5th 


Trettonde 


13th 


Sjette 




6th 


Fjortonde 


Uth 


Sjunde 




1th 


Femtonde 


15th 




Attonde 




8th 


Sextonde 


16th 



(14.) We formerly wrote nio, tio, trettioyfyratio^ which mode of wri- 
ting is still frequently met with. The above is however sanctioned by 
the best authority and always used in speaking:. 

C 2 



88 



Sjuttonde 


11th 


Femtionde 


bOth 


Adertonde 


ISth 


Sextionde 


60th 


Nittonde 


19th 


Sjuttionde 


70th 


Tjugonde 


20th 


Attionde 


80th 


Tjugeforsta 


21st 


Nittionde 


90th 


Trettionde 


30th 


Hundrade 


100th 


Fortionde 


MOth 


Tusende 


1000th. 



Of The Auxiliary Verbs. 

As all verbs, both regular and irregular, are inflected 
by auxiliary ones, these should be particularly at- 
tended to. The following occur in the Swedish lan- 
guage. 

Att hafva, to have. 

Present Tense. 
Sing. Plural. 

Jag hafver or har, I have. Wi hafva or ha, we have. 



Du hafver or har, thou 

hast. 
Han hafver or har, he 

has. 



/ hafven or han, you 

have. 
De hafva or ha, they 

have. 



Imperfect Tense. 
Sing. Plural. 

Jag hade, I had. Wi hade, we had. 

Du hade> thou hadst. / haden, you had. 

Han hade, he had. De hade, they had. 

Imperative Mode. 
H af, have. 



29 

Infinitive Mode. 

Att hafva, to have. 

Pret. Part. kaft 9 had. 

Obs. The optative form hafvom, let us have, is 
seldom used, and pret. part, hafvande, as signifying 
having, never. 



Att vara, to be (esse). 

Present Tense. 
Sing. Plural. 

Jag «r, I am. Wi aro^ we are. 

Du ar } thou art. laren, you are. 

//tffl «V, he is. -De aro, they are. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Jag var, I was. Wi voro, we were. 

Du var, thou wast. / voren, you were. 

Han var, he was. Devoro, they were. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Jagvore, I were. Wivore, we were. 

Z)w twre, thou wert. I voren, you were. 

-Haw twe, he were. De vore, they were. 

Optative Mode. 
V are jag, be 1, or may I Varom vi y may we be. 

be, &c. 
Vare du. Varen I, let us be, &c. 

Vare han. Vare de. 

Imperfect Mode. 
Var, be thou. 



30 

Infinitive Mode. 
Pres. part. Varande, (obsolete) being. 
Pret. part. Verity been. 



Ait varda and ait blifva, to be, become. 

Present Tense. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag varder, I become,&c. Vi varda, we become, &c. 

Du varder. I varden* 

Han varder. De varda* 

Imperfect Tense. 
Jagvardt, I became, &c. Vi vordo, webecame,&c. 
Du vardt. I vorden. 

Han vardt* De vordo. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Jag vorde, (if) I became, Vi vorde, (if) we became, 

&c. &c. 

Du vorde. I vorden. 

Han vorde. De vorde. 

Optative Mode. 
Varde jag, may I become, Pardom vi, may we be- 
&c. come, &c. 

Varde du. Varden I. 

Varde han. Varde de. 

Imperative Mode. 
Vard, (obsolete,) become. 
Lat honom varda, or varde han, fyc. let 
him &c. become. 



31 



Infinitive Mood, 
Att varda> to become. 
Pres. act. part, vardande, (obsolete*) 
Pret. act. part, {caret.) 
Pre6. pass. part, vorden, neut. vordet. 

Present Tense. 

Sing. Plur. 

Jag blifver, (?) I be- Vi Wfca, we become, 

come, &c. &c. 

Du blifver. I blifven. 

Han blifver. De blifva. 

Imperfect Tense. 

Jag blef I became, &c. Vi blefoo, we became,&c. 
Du blef. 1 blefven. 

Han blef. De blefoo. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Jag blefve, (if) I be- Vi blefve, (if) we be- 
came, &c. came, &c. 
Du blefve. I blefoen. 
Han blefve. De blefve* 



(15.) Jag blifver and jag varder are translated / be, I will be, I be 
come, I grow, according as the meaning of the sentence may require ; 
as, omjag blifver hemma, if I be at home ; han varder kommandt 9 
be will be coming , kan vardt star, he became great ; han blef fet, he 
grew fat, &c. The verb blifva may also denote to remain, as, jag 
Llifver h'dr, I remain here; but practice will soon teach the different 
use and significations of these verbs. 



32 

Optative Mode. 
Sing. Plur. 

Blifoe jag ! may I be- Blifoom vi ! may we be- 
come, &c, come, &c. 
Blifoe du ! Blifcm, I ! 
Blifoe han ! Blifve de ! 

Imperative Mode. 

Blif become. 

Lat honom blifva, or blifve han, Sec. let him &c. become. 

Infinitive xMode. 
Att blifva, to become. 
Present act. part, blifvande. 
Pret. act. part. blifvit. 
Pres. pass. part, blifven, neut. blifvet. 

Obs. a. The future tense of these and all other 
verbs is expressed by shall, as Jag, Du, Han shall 
hafva, Vi shola, I sholen, De shola hafva. 

b. The conjunctive and potential modes have the 
following characteristics : Jag ma, Jag tor, I may ; 
Jag matte, Jag torde, I might; Jag han, Jag 
hunde, (of the verb hunna, to be able) Jag maste, 
I must ; Jag shulle, I should \ Jag bbr, Jag borde, 
I ought, &c. 

c. As the verb attvilja (Jag vill, Jag ville, I will, 
1 would), indicates rather an absolute volition in the 
Swedish language, we use another when the case is 
not positive, viz. later; as, Han larer komma, he will 
or may (probably) come. Han vill homma would 
be, he is inclined, or he wishes to come. 



33 
d. Att gora, to do, is a substitute verb in the Swe- 
dish language, used (as pronouns in similar cases for 
nouns) to avoid the repetition of the preceding verb ; 
as, skrifoer du f do you write ? J a, det gbr jag, yes 
I do, instead ofJa,jag skrifver. But it is never put 
before other verbs as a sigrj of a tense. We cannot 
say Jag gbr get, han g ; orde se, (I do go, he did see$ 
as do and did are used in the English. 



Of the Regular Verbs. 

All such verbs end in the infinitive mode with «, 
and may de divided into three ( l6 ) conjugations. 
The 1st ends in the pres. tense in «r, in the imp. in ade, 

The 2d er, de, 

The 3d er, te, 

as will appear from the following paradigms. 

First Conjugation. 

Att hata, to hate. 

Present Tense. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jaghatar, I hate, &c. Vi hata, we hate, &c. 

Du hatar. I haten. 

Han hatar, De haia. 



(16.) The Swedish language might well be said to have but one 
regular conjugation, considering that more than three fourths of the 
verbs are inflected after the Jlrst, and that a great number, which now 
have de and te in the imperfect tense, were formerly there ended in 
de. 



34 



Imperfect Tense. 

Sing. Plur. 

Jag hatade, I hated, &c. Vi hatade, we hated 5 &c. 

Du hatade. I hataden. 

Han hatade. De hatade. 

Perfect Tense. 
Jag hafoer hatat 9 1 have hated. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Jag hade hatat, I had hated. 

Future Tense. 
Jag shall hata } 1 shall hate. 



Potential Mode. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag ma hata,l may hate* Vi maga or ma hata. 
Du ma hata. I magen or ma hata. 

Han ma hata. De maga or ma hata. 

Jag matte hata or hafva 

hatat, I might hate or 

have hated. 
Jag maste hata or hafva 

hatat, I must &c. 
Jag skulle hata, or hafva 

hataty I should, &c. 



Jag kan hata, I can hate. 
Du kan hata. 
Han kan hata. 



Vi kunna hata. 
Ikunnen hata. 
De kunna hata. 



35 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag kunde hata, I could Vi kunde hata, we could 

hate. hate. 

Du kunde hata. I kunden hata. 

Han kunde hata. De kunde hata. 

Optative Mode. 
Hate jag! may I hate, &c. Hatom vi ! may we hate. 
Hatedu! Hat en I ! 

Hate han! Hate del 

Imperative Mode. 
Hata du, hate thou. 

Lathonomhata, or hate han, latom oss hata. 
Haten 1. (*) 
Lat dan hata* 

Infinitive Mode. 
Att hata, to hate. 
Pres. part, hatande, hating. 
Pret. part, hatat, hated. 
The Active verbs are formed into Passives by the 
addition of an s, in the following manner : 



Att hat as, to be hated. 
Present Tense. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag hatas,! am hated. Vi hatas, we are hated. 
Du hatas. Ihatens. 

Han hatas. De hatas. 

(17.) The termination of er, as hater, alsker, beder, is an obsolete 
form and only used in old writings, 



36 

Imperfect Tense. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag hatades, I was ha- Vi hatades, we were ha- 
ted. ( 18 ) ted. 
Du hatades. 1 hatades. 
Han hatades. De hatades. 

Perf. Jag hafver halats, I have been hated. 
Pluperf. Jag hade hatats, I had been hated. 
Future. Jag shall hatas, I shall be hated. 

Potential Mode, 
Jag ma hat as, I may be hated. 
Jag matte hatas, I might be hated. 
Jag skulle hatas, I should be hated. 
Jag mast e hat as, I must be hated. 

Optative Mode. 
Maor matte jag, du, han,8?c.hatas, may ormight,&c. 

Imperative Mode. 
Lat mig, dig, honom, S?c. hatas,\et me, &c. 



(18.) The persons of the passive verbs, in the present and imper- 
fect tenses, are not distinguished by their terminations, as those of the 
active, (In this conjugation even the singular and plural numbers are 
alike.) The regular form of the second person in plural occurs how- 
ever, as / hatens, I hatadens ; but then it does not strictly mean> you 
are or were hated, but rather, you hate or hated each other. The 
same does the optative (regular) form hatoms, hatens indicate, 
as hatens I ! may you hate one another ; and it is therefore ge- 
nerally expressed by ma, or matte, as ma jag hatas ! may I be hated ! 
matte jag hdras ! O that I might be beard ! The others, as well as / 
hatens and / hatadens, seem to be reciprocal forms. 



37 

Infinitive Mode. 
Att hatas, to be hated, 

Pres. part. ( 19 ) hatad, neut. hatadt, hated. 
Pret. part, hatats, been hated. 



Second Conjugation. 
Att varma, to warm. 

Present Tense. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag vdrmer^l warm, &c. Vi varma, we warm. &c. 

Du varmer. 1 vdrmen. 

Han varmer. De varma. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Jag vcirmde, I warmed. Vi vcirmde, we warmed. 
Du vcirmde- Ivdrmden 

Han varmde* De vcirmde. 

Pf. Jag hafver vdrmt, I have warmed. 

Pluperf. Jag hade vdrmt, 1 had warmed. 

Fut. Jag skall vdrma, I shall warm. 

(19.) This participle in all verbs belonging to this conjugation is 
(as present participles in general) also used as an adjective, but suffers 
no inflection in the degrees of comparison, which are distinguished 
by mer, mindre, mest, minst. Observe here also, that the present 
active participle sometimes appears in the passive form, as hatandes ; 
but as it still, when used absolute, retains an active signification, it 
cannot with propriety be called a passive participle. I would rather 
give it the name of an Active Gerund; but when it has before it the 
preposition till (to), as det cir tillfruktundes, it is to be feared, I 
would, as it then has a passive sense, call it a Passive Gerund; but 
these two forms seldom occur. 



Sing. 
Vdrme jag ! 

warm. 
Vcirme du ! 
Vdrme hart! 



38 
Optative Mode* 

I 



may 



Plur. 
Vdrmom vi! 

warm. 
Vdrmen I. 
Vdrme de ! 



may we 



Imperative Mode. 
Vdrm du, warm thou. Latom oss vdrma. 

Lat honom vdrma. Vdrmen I. 

Lat dem vdrma. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Att vdrma, to warm. 
Pres. part, vdrmande, warming. 
Pret. part, vdrmt, warmed. 



Att vdrmasy to be warmed. 

Present Tense. 

Plur. 

Vi vdrmaSj we 

warmed, &c. 

1 vdrmens. 

De vdrmas. 



were 



The Passive. 

Sing. 
Jag vdrmes, I am warm 

ed, &c. 
Du vdrmes. 
Han vdrmes. 

Perf. Jag hafver vdrmts, I have been warmed. 

Pluperf. Jag hade vdrmts. 

Fut, Jag shall vdrmas. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Jag vdrmdes, I was Vi vdrmdes, we were 

warmed, &c. warmed, &c. 

Du vdrmdes. 1 vdrmdens. 

Han xdrmdes. De vdrmdes. 



Perf. Jag ma varmas, I may be warmed. 
Pluperf. Jag matte varmas, I might be warmed. 
Fut. Jag skulle varmas , I should be warmed. 

Optative Mode. 
Ma or matte jag, fyc. varmas ! may, &c. 

Imperative Mode. 
hat mig, dig, honom, fyc. varmas. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Att varmas. 

Pres. part, vdrmd, neut. vdrmdt, warmed. 
Pret. part, vdrmts, been warmed. 



Third Congugation. 
Att sbka, to seek. 

Present Tense. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag sbker,l seek, &c. Visbka, we seek, &c. 

Du sbker. I sbken. 

Han s'dker. De sbka. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Jag sbkte, 1 sought, &c» Vi sbkte, we sought, &e. 
Du sbkte. I sbkten. 

Han sbkte. De sbkte* 

Perf. Jag hafver sbkL 1 have, &c. 
Pperf. Jag hade sbkt. 



40 



Optative Mode. 

Sing. Plur- 

Soke jag, may I seek, Sbkom vi, may we seek. 

&c. &c. 

Soke du. Soken I. 

Soke han. Soke de. 

Imperative Mode. 
Sbk du, seek thou. JLatom oss sbka. 

Lat honom sbka* Soken i. 

Lat dem sbka. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Att sbka. 

Pres. p. sbkande, seeking. 
Pret. p. sbkt, sought. 



The Passive. Att sbkas, to be sought. 

Present Tense. 
Jag sokes, I am sought, Vi sbkas, we are sought. 

&c. &c. 

Du sokes. I sbkens. 

Han sokes. De sbkas. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Jag sbktes, I was sought, Vi sbktes, we were sought 

&c. &c. 

Du sbktes. I sbktens. 

Han sbktes. De sbktes. 

Perf. Jag hafver sbkts. 

Pluperf. Jag hade sbkts* 



41 

Perf. Jag shall sbkas. 
Pluperf. Jag ma sbkas. 

Optative Mode. 
Ma or matte jag sbkas, 8?c. 
Imperative Mode. 
Lat migj dig, honom, fyc. sbkas. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Att sbkas, to be sought. 
Present part, sbkt sought, 
Preter. part, sbkts, been sought. 



Of the Demi-Passives. 

Verbs in the Swedish language that have a pas- 
sive termination and either an active or a neuter signi- 
fication, I call Demi-Passives. Such are of 
The First Conjugation ( 20 ) Att hoppas, to hope. 

The Second Att trifvas, to thrive. 

The Third Att synas, to appear. 

Obs. — These are all inflected as Passives \ but not 
being passive in signification, they have only the 
Active Participles, which however are constructed as 
passive with an s, as hoppandes, hoppats; synandes, 
synts. We cannot say hoppad, synt, which would 
be the Passive Participles. 

(20.) Of these the same observation may be made as of the verbs of 
the first conjugation, viz. that their number greatly exceeds the rest. 



4S 

Of the Irregular Verbs. 
Of these there is a considerable number in the 
Swedish as well as in other languages. To bring them 
all under certain classes would be altogether impos- 
sible, without extending the number of classes too 
far, as many of them would constitute a class ot their 
own. I will therefore content myself with examin- 
ing those of the principal orders only, and briefly 
mention the rest. 



First Class. 
Att jinna, to find. 
Verbs of this class end the present tense in er, as 
Jag springer, I run: change the vowel into a and be- 
come monosyllabic in the imperfect, Jag sprang, I 
ran, and end the active preterite participle in it, after 
changing the vowel into u, sprungit, run, and the 
pressent passive participle in en neut. et, sprungen, 
sprunget, run. These seem to bear the greatest pro- 
portion to the rest. Simma, swim; Brista, burst; 
Brinna, burn; Vinna, win ; Skara, cut; Stjala, steal ; 
(imperf. stal, part, stulit, stulen, n. stulet), Bcira* 
bear ; Sticka, sting, &c. are all of this class, and are 
inflected as follows : 

Present Tense. 
Sing. Plur. 

Jagjinner, I find, &c. Vijinna, we find, &c. 

Dujinner. 1 Jinnen. 

Hanjwner, De finna. 



43 



Imperfect Tense, 
Sing. Plur. 

Jag fann, I found, Sec. Vifunno, we found, &c. 
Du fann. I funnen. 

Han fann. De funno. 

Perf. Jag hafver funnit. 
Pluperf. Jag hade funnit. 
Fut. Jag shall Jinna. 

Potent. Mode. 
Jag ma, matte, skulle, maste, fyc. Jinna. 

Optative Mode. 
Finne Jag ! may I find, Finnom vi ! may we find, 

&c. &c. 

Finne du ! Finnen I ! 

Finne han ! Finne de ! 

Imperative Mode. 
?inn du, find thou. Latom oss Jinna. 

M honom Jinna. Finnen I. 

Lat dem Jinna. ' 

Infinitive Mode. 
Att Jinna, to find. 

Pres. part. Jinnande, finding. 
Pret. part, funnit, found. 

Obs. — Verbs of this class, that bear to be passively 
explained, are also inflected as such, whilst those 
that are neuter (ex. gr. brista,brinna) do not admit 



of a passive inflection, except in the present partici- 
ple, which they seem to have in common with all the 
rest. Thus we hear it said Isen dr brusten, the ice 
is burst; huset dr nedbrunnet^ the house is burnt 



down, &c. 



The Passive. Attjinnas^ to be found. 

Present Tense. 

Sing. Plur. 

Jag jinnes, I am found, Vijinnas, we are found, 

&c. &c. 

Dujinnes. Ifnnens. 

Hanjinnes. Dejinnas. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Jagfanns,! was found, Vifunnos, we were found, 

&c. &c. 

Du fanns. Ifunnens. 

Han fanns. De funnos. 

Perf. Jag hafver funnits, I have been found, &c. 
Pluperf. Jag hade funnits. 
Future. Jag shall jinnas. 

Potential Mode. 
Jag ma, matte^ skulle, maste^ kan, kunde^ &c. finnas* 

Optative Mode. 
Ma or matte jag^ Sfc.Jinnas, 



45 

(The regular form) 
Sing. Plur. 

Finnes jag ! may I be Finnoms vi ! may I be 

found. found. 

Finnes du ! Finnens I! ( 21 ) 

Finnes han ! Finnes de ! 

Imperative Mode. 
Lat, mig, dig, honom, fycjinnas 

Infinitive Mode. 
Attjinnas. 
Pres. part, funnen neute funnet, found. 
Pret. pa,Yt>funnits 9 been found. 



Second Class. 
Att Bita, to bite. 
Verbs of this class end the present tense as those of 
the first, Jag biter, I bite : change the vowel into c, 
and become monosyllabic in the imperfect, Jag bet, 
I bit : end the active pret. participle in it 9 bitit, bit, 
and the present passive participle in en, neut. et, biten, 
bitet, bitten. These are inflected after the preceding 
paradigm, with this difference, that the original 
vowel (or that of the root, which in bit a is i) is ne- 
ver changed into u, as it is in those of the first class ; 
thus in the imperfect plural we say beto, not buto, and 



(21.) The second person plural of the present and imperfect tenses, 
and the 1st and 2d plural of the optative mode, which in regular pas- 
sives are rather reciprocal, are not strictly so in the irregular, where 
consequently the above inflections appear to be used with propriety. 



46 

in the preterit participle bitit, not butit. Skrifva 
write (skref, wrote ; skrifcit, skrifven, skrifvet, writ 
ten) drifoa, drive; rida, ride; grata, weep; klifva, 
climb; vrida writhe, (and others to a considerable 
number) are all of this class. 

Obs. — Besides these two principal classes, that 
change the vowel in the imperfect tense into a and 
e, there are others that change it into o, a, or b ; but 
of these I shall make no separate classes, their num- 
ber being but small. The following may serve for ex- 
amples. 

1st. Such as change the vowel into u (like those 
of the first class) in the participles. 

Infinit Mode. Imp. T. Pret. act. Pres. pass. part. 

part. 
Svcira, to swear, svor, svurit, svuren. n. svuret. 
Frysa, to freeze, frbs, frusit, frusen, n. fruset. 
Skjuta, to shoot, shot, skjutit, skjuten, n. skjutet. 
Knyta, to knit, knot, knutit, knuten, n. knutet. 

Obs. — Those that have b in the imperfect tense 
differ from the first class, in not changing that 6 into 
n in plural, as Jag, du, han frbs, Vifrbso, I frbsen, 
Defrbso, not fruso, frusen, fruso. 

Sdly. Such as are like those of the Second Class. 

Infinit M. Imp.T. Pt.a.p. Pres. pass. part. 
Draga, to draw, drog, dragit, dragen, n. draget. 
Taga, to take, tog, tagit, tagen, n. taget. 
At a, to eat. at, atit, at en, n. attt. 
Halla, to hold, hbll hallit, hallen, n. hallet. 



47 

Third Class. 

Att see, to see. 

Monosyllabic verbs ( 2t ) that remain so both in the 
imperfect tense (in which the vowel is changed) and 
the preterite participle, belong to this class. They 
all end, as verbs in general, with a vowel, and form 
the present active tense by adding an r to the infini- 
tive mode ; as Jag ser, I see ; and the passive (if they 
can be so expressed) by adding an s, as Jag ses, I am 
seen. The present passive participle, which in verbs 
of the two preceding classes is ended with en, neat. 
et; these end with dd, neut. dt: sedd, n. sedt, seen, 
and in the plural number of the imperfect tense, they 
do not change the vowel, but retain it as those of 
the second class. 

Infin. M. Imperf. Tense. Pt. a. p. Pres. pass. part. 
Se, see. sag, pi. sago, sett, sedd, neut. sedt. 
Ga, go. gick, pi. gingo, gatt. 
Fa, get. Jick, pi. fingo, fatt. 
Sta, stand, stod, pi. stodo, statt. 
Le, smile, log, pi. logo, lett. 

Obs. a. The present active participle, which in 
other verbs is formed by adding nde to the infinitive 
mode, these form by adding ende, as seende, seeing ; 
gkende, going, &c. 



(22.) Some of these belong to the second Regular Conjugation, and 
are distinguished by the termination de being added to the infinitive 
mode to make the imperfect tense, when the letter d is always dou- 
bled, as att sa t to sow ; imperf. sadde, not sade. 



48 

b. The imperfect plurals of ga and fa, (gingo,fingo) 
euphony seems to have introduced instead of gicko, 

jicko, after the German ging. 

c. The present passive participle of ga,fa, sta, le, 
(gadd, n. gadt ; fadd, n.fadt; stadd, n. stadt ; ledd, 
n. ledt) I have not expressed above, as not generally 
used. They occur, however, sometimes either singly 
or compounded. Thus we will hear it said det ar 
fadt for godt hop, it is got at a low price ; straff et ar 
utstadt, the punishment is over (stood out) ; han 
cir atledd oxledd at, he is laughed at 



Fourth Class. 



Under this head I include all the rest of the irre- 
gular verbs, whatever be their anomaly. The under- 
mentioned are such as occur most frequently, and 
may serve for examples. Some of them being real 
actives are also passively inflected. Thus, for in- 
stance, att I'dgga, satta and bedja have a passive infi- 
nitive, att laggas, sattas, bedjas, as well as other in- 
flections, which practice must teach. I here only 
give the Infinitive mood, the Present and Imperfect 
tenses and the Preterite Active Participle. 



Inf. mode. 


PreSi tense. Imperf. tense. 


Pret. act. 
part. 


Att Bedja, 


Jag beder, or Jag bad, 


bedit or 


to beg. 


ber* 


bedt. 



49 

Inf. mode. Pres. tense. Imp. tense. Pret. act. 

part. 

Att Bjuda, Jag bjuder, Jag bjod, bjudit. 

to bid. 
Att Bringa, Jag bringar, Jag bragte, bragt. 

to bring. 
Att Bora, Jag bbr,l ought, Jagborde, bort. 
Att Heta, Jag hcter, ( 23 ) Jag hette, hetat. 

to be called. 
Alt Komma, Jag kommer, 

to come. 



Att Kunna, Jag fcav, 

to be able. 
Att Ligga, Jag Hgger, 

to lie. 
Att Lagga, Jag lagger, 

to lay. 
Att Siita, Jag sitter* 

to sit. 
Att Sjunga, Jag sjunger, 

to sing. 
Alt Sjimka, Jag sjunker, 

to sink. 
Att Scitta, Jagsatter, 

to set. 



Jag koniy kommit, 
Jag kunde, kunnat. 
Jag lag, legat. 



Jag lade, 
Jag satt, 



lagt. 



setat or 
suttit. 
Jag sjbng, sjungit. 

Jag sjbnk^) sjunkit. 

Jag satte, satt. 



(23.) Jag heter Anders, iny name is Andrew ; hvad heter det ? what 
is it called ? 

(24.) The imperfect tense oisjunga and sjunka (as well as the parti- 
ciples) appears sometimes without the j, as song, sdnk; sungen, sun- 
ken. 



D 



50 



Inf. mode. Pres tense. 

Alt Veta, Jag vet, 

to know. 
Att Vilja, Jag vill, 

to will. 
Att Vexa, Jag vexer, 

to grow. 



Imp. tense. Pret. act. 
part. 

Jag visste, vetat. 

Jagville, velat. 

Jagvexte, vext or 
vuxit. 



Ofthe Demi- Passives there are also a few irregular, 
which may be referred to this class, as 

Infin. mode. Pres. tense. Imp. tense. Pret part. 
Att Vederfaras, Det vederfares^ vederfors, xederfarits. 

to befal. 
Att Forgas, Jag fbrgas^ forgicks, forgatts. 

to perish. 
Att Omgas, Jag omgas, omgicks, omgatts. 

to hold intercourse with. 
Att Bras (pa) Jag bras, braddes, bratts. 

to take after, to resemble. 



Exercises on the Verbs « 

The learner should endeavour to translate the fol- 
lowing constructions into English, as in understanding 
a language, and correctly speaking the same, much 
depends on being well acquainted with the different 
forms and inflections ofthe verbs^ 



51 

Jag har varit. Du har blifvit. Han skall blifva. 
De skulle hafva. De skola hafva, Du maste vara. 
(Om) vi hade haft. Du blir stor. De vordo glada. 
Han skulle hafva varit har, om ej. Han horde 
hafva varit heir nu. Du maste varda hatad. Du 
maste vara hatad. Jag lean bli fdrtretad. Du ma 
vara glad. Du matte vara glad. Barnet har blif- 
vit bortskamdt. Det ar blifvit bortskamdt. Jag 
skulle hafva hatat henne, om ej. Gifve Gud (att)jag 
kunnat gbra det. Jag tor (torde) komma. Jag trodde 
att man torde hafva glomt detta. Tor hcinda. Jag 
halas och fruktas. Wi hatades. De skulle hafva 
hat at s j om. Barnet vardt hatadt. Rumrnet blef 
vcirmdt. Blifve du god ! Soke han oss ! Hafvom 
mod att ! Var god och gbr det. Kunde det finnas ? 
Har du funnitdet $ Har d et blifvit funnet ? Det har 
funnits. Matte han varda funnen. Debefunnoslyck- 
liga. Skrifve deforst till mig ! Brefvet blef skrif vet 
i gar. Han har skrifvit mig till. Jag borde hafva 
satt mig. Jag skulle hafva suttit hos dig, om ej. 
Blif sittande. Lat (latom) oss gbra det. Han Vat oss 
sedet. Fbrlatom vara fender. Fbrlate den ene den 
andre. Alsken edra ovdnner. Man skride till om- 
rbstning, och utrope honom till Konung. Jag skulle 
hafva for gaits i mitt elande, om ej. Du hade varit 
forgangen, om. De fbrgingos alia. O, att de visa 
vore, och bettinkte sin fridl Han omgicks med mig. 
Wiomgingos alia dagar. Han bras pa sin far. Han 
skulle hafva bratts pa sin mor. Ehvad du mande 
heta. 

D 2 



52 



Of the Particles. 

The Particles are commonly admitted to be of four 
kinds, viz. Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions and 
Interjections. 

An Adverb is a part of speech joined to other words 
to express the quality or circumstances of them ; and 
as these vary, the adverbs of course are of different 
kinds. Some have relations to time, others to place, 
probability* doubt, quantity, &c. as nu 9 now ; hemma, 
at home; heir, here; troligen, probably; om, if; myc- 
ket 7 much, &c. 

Of the adverbs a few admit of comparison, as ofta, 
often, oft are, of last ; fort, quickly, fort are, fort ast. 

When adjectives are used as adverbs (and many of 
them are) they appear always in the neuter gender, 
as naturligt, naturally ; hbgt, highly ; hastigt, hastily ; 
and sometimes adverbs are formed from them by add- 
ing ligen, as hogligen, siorligen. If the adjectives end 
with lig, (as naturlig) only en is added, as naturligen, 
skamligen. 

Conjunctions join words and sentences together, 
as och, and ; ocA*, also ; nemligen, namely ; men, but : 
eller, or ; antingen, either ; hvarken, neither ; ty* for; 
ehuru, although, &c. 

The prepositions are words set before nouns or 
pronouns, to express the relations of persons, places 
and things to each other, as Jag bor ga till honom, I 
ought to go to him. Such are under, under ; 6fvei\ 



53 

over ; pa, uppa, on or upon ; efter, after ; /raw, 
from ; /, uti, in, &c. 

Of the Interjections, or words that express any 
sudden emotion of the mind, from the sensation either 
of pleasure or pain, the following are the most com- 
mon : Of ack! O ! alas ! (exclamation of despair,&c.) 
hu ! (of horror) aj ! (of pain) si ! lo ! ve ! wo ! ha ! 
ho ! fy ! fie, &c. 



54 

The common Swedish Alphabet, 

As many Swedish books are printed with these 
letters, the learner should make himself well ac- 
quainted with them, so as to be able to know them dis- 
tinctly, whenever they occur. 

The Capital Letters. 



2( 


A 


e 


L 


§8 


V 


S3 


B 


Wl 


M 


© 


w 


<£ 


C 


81 


N 


ae 


X 


$ 


D 


o 


o 


2) 


Y 


<5 


E 


¥ 


P 


3 


Z 


% 


F 


Q 


Q 


o 

21 


o 

A 


@ 


G 


m 


R 


51 


A 


§ 


H 


e 


S 


6 


O 


3 


I 


X 


T 






£ 


K 


u 


U 







(a) Taking for granted (as I have done throughout this work) that 
the reader knows the grammar of his own language, I deem it super- 
fluous to be minute on this head ; and consequently passing over 
such rules as the two languages acknowledge in common, I will 
here only state some material points in which they disagree, and 
occasionally hint at such singularities, as, withoui an explanation^ 
would be difficult for a beginner. 



55 



The Small and Compounded Letters, 


a a 


f 


p 


$ 


ch 


b b 


q 


q 


& 


ck 


C c 


t 


r 


* 


fF 


& d 


f 


f 


ffi 


ffi 


e e 


$ 


s 


m 


ffl 


f f 


t 


t 


fi 


fi 


5 g 


u 


u 


ft 


fl 


& h 


t) 


V 


a 


11 


t i 


m 


w 


ft 


fi 


i j 


F 


X 


ft 


11 


f k 


9 


y 


ff 


ff 


I 1 


5 


z 


P 


fs 


m m 


a 


• 

a 


is 


ft 


n n 


t 

a 


a 


$ 


tz 


o 





o 







For the sounds of the different letters I refer the 
learner to the beginning of this work. The order they 
here stand in is that of the Swedish Alphabet. The 
compounded letters are added, that, when seen sepa- 
rately, they may be the better distinguished in reading. 



56 



On Pronunciation. 

When the Alphabet is known, the changeable con- 
sonants and their different sounds before the hard 
and the soft vowels should be carefully attented to, 
as upon this chiefly a correct pronunciation depends, 
and in order to acquire it, the root of the word must 
be examined, for just as the sounds of these conso- 
nants is there heard, so it remains through all inflec- 
tions. Thus, for instance, g in ring retains it origi- 
nal sound (the same as g in the English word ring) 
both in the plural number ringar, and with the defi- 
nite article ringen : g in tdnger, tongs, has the same 
sound as in the singular tang : k in sbker the same 
as in the infinitive mode soka : sk in asken the same 
as in ask) box, &c. ; for these (ar, en, er) are only 
nominal or verbal terminations, which, as they do not 
belong to the same syllable as the changeable conso- 
nants, have no influence on their sound/ but if the 
vowel of the radix be changed into another, (as is 
often the case in the irregular verbs) then the sound 
of these consonants changes at the same time ; for in- 
stance, sk in skara, to cut, has a soft sound, but in the 
imperfect tense skar it becomes hard, as a is there 
changed into a. 

In a few words, adopted from the French, ch re- 
tains its foreign sound, as charm, chocolad, pro- 
nounce, sharm, shocklad. The same do g and j in 
gem\ jurnal, &c. pronounce, sheynee, surenawl. 

Obs. Foreign words were formerly spelt as in those 



57 

languages from which they were borrowed ; but we 
now conform the spelling to the genius of our own; 
thus we write Kusin, Mamsett, Lqjtnant } instead of 
Cousin, Mademoiselle, Lieutenant, &c. 

As the sound of g k and sk becomes hard before 
the hard vowels, we find aj added when they require 
a soft sound : g in gbra, for instance, would in the 
imperfect tense lose its soft sound before the hard 0, 
if j was not inserted. We therefore write gjorde> 
because we pronounce it so (b). In the same man- 
nerj is added after t in tjusning, spell, enchant- 
ment ; and after sk in skjuta^ to shoot ; skjorta^ 
shirt, &c. 

Again, when,/ is found in a word before a hard vow- 
el, (whereby the changeable consonants get a soft 
sound) it is generally left out as superfluous when a 
soft vowel follows. Thus we write the imperfect 
tense of the verb skjitla, skbt, not skjbt^ because sk be- 
fore by itself sounds as skj, or as the English sh. 

When a word, that is not monosyllabic, ends with a 
vowel, we may generally conclude that such vowels 
constitute either a nominal or verbal termination. 
Thus we should properly spell bona, bean, bon-a,i/x-a« 
axe; pal-e, pole; fend-e^ fiend; tbrn-e, thorn; 
hjert-ciy heart; hammar-e^ hammer; and the infini- 



(b.) Some spell for the same reason menniska, (human being, man 
or woman) , plur. menniskor with a j, mejiniskja, menniskjor, which 
mode of spelling, as it is consonant with the present genius of the 
language, 1 would prefer, if the best authority had not long admitted 
this word to be an exception. 



58 

live mode of the verbs thus : cisk-a, to ask ; varm-a* 
to warm; sdtt-a^ to set; sdh-a, to seek; sitt-a* 
to sit; drag-a, to draw, &c. This appears quite 
clear when we observe how the same words are 
written in the other dialects of the old Gothic 
language, and the examples I have here given may 
partly serve to prove how nearly allied the Swedish 
is to the English, as also, that the final vowel is only a 
modification of the original word, or as I have called 
it before, a nominal or verbal termination ; but what 
proves this still more is, that the changeable conso- 
nants, when placed before such terminations, do not 
alter their sound, but retain it the same as in the ori- 
ginal word ; and thus we see the reason, why g*, l\ 
and sk, when followed by e, (or any other of the soft 
vowels) often have a hard sound, as in bage, bow; 
marke, mark; buske, bush, not bagje, miirkje, buskje* 
because the word originally is bag-e, mcirk-e, busk-e. 
and not ba-ge, mar-ke, bu-ske. (c.) 

What has here been said of the final vowels, re- 
lates also to the other nominal or verbal terminations. 
In Verbs the following occur with a soft vowel : e, ?V, 

(c) It is usual, in dividing words, to begin a syllable with a consonant, 
and thus to spell ha-ta (for hat-a) ma-ta, (for mat-a) ga-ta (iovgat-a) ; 
al-sha (for alsk-a) ; but that this, though sanctioned by old custom, is 
wrong, will be apparent by uniting these words to others, as hat-fully 
mat-lust^ gat-lik, alsk-vard. Attention to the original or fundamen- 
tal way of spelling will account for many specious anomalies in the 
pronunciation of the soft vowels, when united to g and k. Thus 
Helg'else, eg-en, ing-en, bak-else, brygg-eri, dyk-eri,fisk-eri, nag-el, 
musk-el, frog-en, snik-en, krok-ig, busk-ig, krig-isk, grek-isk, fyc. 
will be properly pronounced,when spelt as abore. 



59 

en, et, its, as in the word drag-a, to draw ; dragee 
(the optative mode) ; dragit, (pret. act. partic.) ; 
dragen, draget, dragit s (the passive participles) ; and 
consequently we do not read dragje, dragjit, dragjen, 
dragjet, dragjits, but pronounce the g as in draga. 

On the Accentuation of the words, the following 
general rule should be attended to. 

Monosyllabic words, ending with a double conso- 
nant or with a consonant that has a double sound, 
or with two consonants, of which the former sounds 
double, are pronounced short, as all, hatt, aj, vax, 
som, verk, vext ; the others, as well as those ending 
with a vowel, long, as, ek, oak ; tog, took ; ga, go 3 
se, see. 

Obs. — The addition of t in the neuter gender does 
not make the adjective sound short. Thus we pro- 
nounce fult not fullt of ful, ugly ; sent not sennt, of 
sen, late ; but if the adjective ends with d or t, it is 
pronounced short, as otherwise the t of the neuter 
gender could not distinctly be heard, as gladt, fett, 
of glad; fet, fat. 

Words consisting of two syllables, have the ac- 
cent on the first (d). Thus, for instance, the a final 



(d.) Except. 1.) All words beginning with the inseparable particle 
be as besta, to consist ; bega, to commit, which have the accent, on 
the last. 

2) Nouns (and these are very few) ending in as and ns, as kalas, 
banquet ; matros, sailor ; have always the accent on those syllables, 
and retain it so through all inflections. 

3) Words adopted from foreign languages (as also nominal noun* 



60 

in all verbs is short, as in hata, sbka, springa. And 
where the accent is in the root, there it remains in the 
inflections. Hatade, hdtande^penningar, have the first 
syllable long, because it is so in hata and penning. 

Words, consisting of three syllables, have also the 
accent on the first (e), as skraddare, tailor ; jiende^ 
enemy; vettenskap, science, &c. 

Words, consisting of more than three syllables, 

ending with an and in) have all the accent on the last, as in fatal, 
planet, pistol, parti, Spartan, citron, pultron, fason, palats, damask, 
4) Words beginning with for, and deriving their signification 
chiefly from that proposition, as fdrman, foreman ; fbrdom, preju- 
dice, &c. have the accent on the first sj'Uable. But when /or has no 
decided signification, (as when it answers to for in the English) it is 
never accentuated ; thus in for gas, to perish ; fbrsta to understand, 
the stress must be laid on a. This observation relates also to words 
of more than two syllables, Infdrsaka, to forsake ; forgdta, to for- 
get ; fbrsvara, to forswear, &c. for is not accentuated, but in/6'r- 
middag, forenoon, forberedelse, preparation, &c. it is so for the rea- 
son assigned. ^ 

(e.) Except. 1 . All such nouns ending in i, which have the accent 
on the last, as fiskeri, industri, brt/ggeri, fyc, 

2) AiJ nouns ending with inna accentuate the last syllable but 
one, as vardinna, hostess ; herdinna, shepherdess. The same do 
those in ska, of foreign origin* Major ska s Mayoress, &c. 

3) Verbs ending in era, and nouns derived from them, in which 
the letters er are retained, do also accentuate the last syllable but 
one, as spatsera, to take a walk ; plantera, to plant ; plantering, 
plantation, &c. 

4) Words beginning with the inseparable particle be have always 
the accent on the next syllable to it, as begynna, to begin ; besdka, 
to visit ; besinna, to consider, &c Also in words consisting of more 
than three syllables, as besokare, custom-house officer ; befallande, 
commander, &c. 



61 

are variously accentuated. In general it may be re- 
marked that they have the accent as much forward 
as possible. Thus the words konungarne, pennin- 
game, hertigdome, jordbafning, have it on the first : 
the same have all, beginning with a preposition or par- 
ticle (except be and for), as genonvcandra, to per- 
vade ; mellankomma, to intervene ; an for are, leader, 
&c. ; but if they be lengthened through inflections, 
as genomvandrande, mettankommande, the first sylla- 
ble both of the prepositions and of the original word 
becomes long, which is the case also in other com- 
pounded words, as in andakis-bfning, devotion ; 
verk-stad, workshop ; icke-dessmindre, nevertheless, 
&c. 

Obs.— Words ending with i and inna, as also verbs 
in era and their derivatives, have the accent as stat- 
ed in the note (e), as akademi, ahkarinna, female 
lover ; adressera, to address ; accentuering, accen- 
tuation, &c. 



On the Nouns. 

In stating the genders of the different declensions 
it ought to be observed, that words, adopted from 
foreign languages, often (chiefly in the third declen- 
sion) make an exception ; thus humor, kapell, kon- 
cept, lasarett, mirakel, receptj vin, &c. are all neu- 
ter, although, when inflected in plural, they terminate 
in er ; but the greatest part of them do belong to the 
fifth declension. We may say with propriety eit 



62 

kapell, one chapel, and vianga kapell, many chapels, 
ett magasin, one warehouse, and hundra magasin, a 
hundred warehouses. 

Some substantives have a feminine termination inna, 
as Friherre, Baron; Friherrina, Baroness; dlskare, 
lover ; dlskarinna ; Doktor, Doktorinna. Others end 
their feminines with ska, as Krbgare, publican, Kro- 
ger ska j Major, Majorska. 

A few monosyllabic nouns admit of an emphatical 
genitive case in the definite state, as lifsens, of the 
life ; dodsens, of the death, instead oflifvets, dbdens, 
which, used with discretion, adds both energy and 
beauty to a sentence. 

The termination om, with which often the dative 
and ablative cases formerly appeared, as af Fadre- 
nom, from the father, is now, with very few excep- 
tions, totally laid aside. 

If nouns of the fourth declension admit of the 
definite article in plural (a few do not) they only 
add a (not no), as they terminate with h; thus -we 
write klddena, (of Made, cloth, plur. kldden) not 
klddenna 8?c. 

When nouns of the fifth declension, ending in are, 
are put in the definite state, they are inflected after 
the second (to which declension 1 would have re- 
ferred them but for their being the same in singular 
and plural). The reason for it is this : They seem to 
have a double singular, one with and one without the 
e final, of which the former is used, when the word 
stands absolute ; the latter, vhen it is joined to ano- 



63 
ther noun, or to a proper name, asjiskare, fisherman/ 
fiskarbat, fishing boat ; skrciddare, tailor, skrdddar 
Lant, Lant, the tailor. They follow in this the same 
rule as other uncompounded nouns ending withe; 
thus we say en Herre^ a Gentleman, but Hew Lant, 
Mr. Lant. Now the plural number, if inflected after 
the absolute singular form ftskar, skrdddar^ must of 
course be jiskrar^ slcrciddrar, and def«. fiskrarne, 
skraddrarne, which last is commonly used in speak- 
ing, but the indefinite state in plural is the same as 
that of the singular, as enjiskare^ manga jiskare. A 
few indeed such as hammare, hammer, and kammare^ 
chamber, appeared formerly in the absolute singular 
form kammary kammar, the indef. plur. of which, or 
hamrar, kamrar, is still used, as well as the definite, 
hamrarne^ hamrarne. 

Observe however that among these nouns there are 
some that, for (he sake of euphony, do not bear to 
be inflected as we now have stated. Such are, for 
instance, all those in which there are two r, as ba- 
rare, a porter 3 kbrare, driver, &c. These throw 7 
away the e final, and add ne in the definite state in 
plural, as bararne, korarne. And indeed this mode 
of inflection is now become the general rule with all 
these nouns, with the exception of such only as with- 
out the former inflection could not easily be distin- 
guished from other words of a different meaning. 
Ex. gr. The indifinite plural ofjiskj fish, is fiskar* 
and the definite of course Jiskarney which might be 
mistaken for the definite pluraLof jiskare , fishermen. 



64 

which therefore isjiskrarne^uotjiskarne. Formerly 
these nouns frequently appeared with the full con- 
struction, (viz. with the addition of ne or na, without 
contraction) to make them definite in plural ; but now 
the termination ena seems to be carefully avoided, 
and when of such words as klaffare, backbiter \ dan- 
sare^ dancer, &c. the definite state in plural is requi- 
red, instead of saying klaffarne (which might be the 
definite plural of klaff, flap) klaffrarne, (which sounds 
rather hard) or Jclaffarena, dansame, dansrarne or 
dansarena, we commonly express ourselves by a 
different word. 

A few nouns have a double termination in plural, 
when the gender of the word must tell which is the 
original and to what declension they should pro- 
perly be referred; thus Brade (ett) board, has in 
plural braden and brader, and must be referred to the 
fourth declension. Tyg (ett) stuff, plur. tyg and 
tyger to the fifth, &c. 

Nouns ending with s and x do not admit of the ad- 
dition of s in the indefinite genitive case, as is, ice ; 
prinsj prince; vox, wax. We cannot write iss* prinss^ 
xaxs ; nor do we generally use an apostrophe, as is y s, 
prim's, vaxs's; which would indicate the absence of 
an e, and that the genitive was isses. £?c. It therefore 
remains the same as in the nominative case, as en ma- 
tros skicklighet, the ability of a sailor, not matross 
or matros's. But this genitive case is mostly avoided 
by construing the word with the particle af\ as 
skbnheten af en vers, the beauty of a verse, tjockleken 



65 

af en is, the thickness of an ice, instead of en vers 
skbnhet, en is tjocklek. 

When nouns, denoting quantity, number, weight, 
and measurt, are placed before other substantives, as 
descriptive of them, it is seldom wanted in the Swe- 
dish Language that the particle af should be express- 
ed ; thus we speak and write correctly : en hop folk, 
a crowd of people ; ett dussin handskar, one dozen 
of gloves; ett par skor, a pair of shoes; ett tjog dgg, 
a score of eggs ; en mark smbr, a pound of butter ; 
en tunna tjdra, a barrel of tar ; ett sty eke land, a piece 
of land ; ett glas vin, a glass of wine. 

Obs. If the substantive, so described, stands in the 
definite state, we always find the particle expressed, as 
en mark af smbret, a pound of the butter; ett glas of 
vinet, one glass of the wine. 

A few nouns in the Swedish, as well as in the En- 
glish, are used collectively in singular, although they 
have a plural, as fanga Jisk, to catch fish ; tre fot 
l&ng, three feet long ; hundra tusen man, hundred 
thousand men, not Jiskar^ fbtter, man, fyc. 



On the Adjectives. 

Among the adjectives there are some that form the 
comparative and superlative degrees by adding only 
re and st, not are and ast, and of these a few change 
the vowel in the comparisons, as lang, long, langre, 
langst, not langre langst ; ung, young, yngre,yngst, 
not ungre, ungst. Others have lost their positive de- 



65 N 

gree, which may be more or less traced in other lan- 
guages of the same origin. Thus for instance dldre, 
didst, older, oldest, have no positive in the Swedish, 
but we find it in the English old and in several Swe- 
dish derivatives, as alder, age ; aldfar, great-grand- 
father, ancestor ; aldras, to grow old, &c. 

As the superlative does not, strictly speakings imply 
the highest degree, but only a degree beyond the 
comparative, so we put before it the particle aldra, 
very, when we wish to raise it still more in significa- 
tion, as det aldraminsta, the very least; aldrabdmju- 
kaste, very humblest, &c. 

Adjectives, ending with en, change that termina- 
tion into et in the neuter gender, except the five fol- 
lowing monosyllabics : Gen, short (speaking of a 
road) ; Men, weak; len, soft; ren, clean; sen, late: 
which there add a t, as gent, klent, lent, rent, sent. Of 
such adjectives as end with t, (which I have stated to 
remain the same through all the genders) the follow- 
ing nine ( also monosyllabics) form an exception : Fet, 
fat ; flat, flat ; het 9 hot ; hvit, white ; lap, lazy ; rat, 
straight; slat, smooth; sot, sweet ; vat, wet. These 
end the neuter gender with tt, as fett, flatt, hett, hvitt, 
latt, rdtt, sldtt, sbtt, vatt. 

As adjectives, when placed in the definite state, 
are the same in all genders, except that the vowels e 
and a may vary in the positive degree, the neuter ter- 
mination t is then always left out, as det hoga hus som, 
the lofty house which, not det hogta hus som, (af- 
ter the indefinite hogt). The same is observed in the 
plural number, whether the adjective be definite or in- 
definite. 



67 

Liten, neut. litet, little, is irregular in the definite 
state, as well as in the comparisons. We speak and 
write lilla, not litna, comp. mindre^ sup. minst ; and 
for the plural number, which liten has not, we use a 
quite different word, viz. sma, small, which is also 
irregular in the comparisons, namely, smarre, smarst, 
not smaare smaast* 

Obs. The word sma ought never to be used as a 
singular. In common conversation we may hear it 
said det ar smarre, it is less ; det var det smarsta, it 
was the least, but this is not correct. Custom has 
however introduced a collective neuter gender of the 
positive degree, viz. smatt, which being formed as a 
singular, is also used as such. 

The termination er which was formerly added to 
a number of adjectives, as glader, goder, feter^ is 
now never met with in good prose, and but seldom in 
verse ; we now write glad, god, fet. 

When an adjective is formed from two other ad- 
jectives, as blekgul) pale yellow, (from blek, pale, and 
gulj yellow) godtrogen, credulous, from god and tro- 
gen, the latter only is inflected ; as in neuter gender 
blekgult not blektgult, godtroget not godttroget, 8fc. 

N. B. The same relates to all other compounded 
words, except among the pronouns. 



On the Adjective and Substantive. 

As to the place of an adjective, when joined to a 
substantive, the Swedish language acknowledges alto- 
gether the same rules as the English, as may be seen 



68 

from the following examples : En stor dag, a great 
day ; langa armar, long arms; mannen ar lyckUgi 
the man is happy ; lycklig ar den man, happy is the 
man ; Alfred den Store, Alfred the Great ; den Store 
Alfred, the Great Alfred ; and the same we find when 
adjectives are explained as participles, ex. gr. en sak 
ryslig att se pa, a thing horrid to look on ; and I 
therefore deem all further observations on this sub- 
ject superfluous. 

An adjective, (pronoun or participle, used as an ad- 
jective) agrees with its substantive in gender and 
number i as stor man, stort hus, stora hattar ; min 
syster ; mitt hus ; mina broder, my brethren ; en 
dlskad moder; a beloved mother j ett alskadt barn, 
a beloved child; dlskade broder, S?c. But not so 
in the cases. In the nominative they are always 
alike, but if the substantive stands in the genitive 
case, with its adjective before it, the substantive 
only is so inflected, as en stor mans fort jenst, the me- 
rit of a great man, not en stors mans fortjenst, and de- 
finitely, den stora mannens fbrtjenst, not stor as. 

If an adjective be joined to a proper name, as ex- 
pressive of its rank, order, or qualifications, as Gus- 
taf Adolph den tappre, Gustavus Adolphus the brave, 
and the context requires that name to be in the geni- 
tive case, then the adjective only is so inflected, as 
Gustaf dem Forstes mod, the courage of Gustavus 
the First, notGustafs den Forstes, and such adjectives, 
being always preceded by the pronoun, or rather de- 
monstrative particle den, are of course always defi- 
nite. 



69 

When an adjective stands absolute, or without its 
substantive, it may also be inflected in the genitive 
case, as en riks y a rich man's (one's,) and definitely 
den rikes ; plur. de rilcas. 

N. B. This construction is seldom met with when 
the adjective is indefinite. 

If two or more substantives in the singular number 
require a verb to be plural, the following adjective 
is also placed in the plural number, as handen,jingret 
och ringen voro stor a, Ihe hand, the finger, and the 
ring Avere large, not stor ; but if the verb remains in 
the singular number, the adjective remains there also, 
as handen^jingret* och sjelfva ringen var stor, the 
hand; the finger, and the ring itself was great, not 
stora, unless we say voro. 

The right use of the articles being of the greatest 
moment, I shall endeavour to state distinctly those 
cases in which substantives and adjectives in this 
point agree or disagree. 

An adjective is placed in the definite slate without 
its substantive being so : 

1st. After the definite pronouns, as da vise man, 
thou wise man ; din stora stad, thy great city ; not 
du vis man, din stor stad, except after den and denne, 
which, chiefly when signifying dender and denhcir, 
require the substantive also to be definite. 

Obs. The word egen, neut. eget, occurs indefinite, 
after a definite pronoun, as min egen van, my own 
friend ; mitt eget hus, my own house. 

Sdly. After the interjections, they may be ex- 
pressed or not, as O ! store konung ; ack ! lyckliga 



70 

dag, or store konung ! great king ; lyckliga dag ! 
happy day ; except when the indifinite article stands 
between, as O! en stor konung! Ack! en lycklig 
dag, or when a pronoun follows after the adjective 
and separates it from its substantive, as ack ! lycklig 
du konung ; ack! sail den konung, som, &c. O ! 
happy the king, who, &c. 

Sdly. When in supplications and addresses it is to 
be explained in the vocative case, as Altsmaktige Gud, 
Almighty God ; baste vein, best friend ; not Allsmdkiig 
Gud, bast van. N. B. Whether it be owing to a 
suppressed interjection or pronoun, that every adjec- 
tive is definite when used in this case, is here of no 
use to investigate. 

4th. When a noun (pronoun or participle), that 
belongs to the same sentence, precedes it in the geni- 
tive case, as konungens vackra stad, the king's beau- 
tiful city ; en annans goda uppsat, the good intention 
of another ; den simmandes hvita arm, the white arm 
of the swimming (man), not vacker, god, hvit. This 
relates also to the definite numerals, when used as 
adjectives. 

An adjective is indefinite although its substantive be 
definite: 

When it is emphatically used as a predicate, (and 
not preceded by den). Thus, when we say in the 
English, great is the man, or the man is great, the 
Swedish has it, stor ar mannen, and mannen dr stor ; 
and this either they stand close to each other, or are 
separated by one or more intervening words, as huset, 



71 

som synes pa af stand, kan vara stort, the house which 
is seen at a distance may be large. 

Besides in the now mentioned instances an adjec- 
tive agrees with its substantive in all others. 



On the Pronouns. 

The following observations on some of the pronouns 
may not be thought superfluous. 

The personal pronoun I3u> thou, is much more 
used in the Swedish language than it is in the Eng- 
lish. Man and wife always address themselves by 
that name ; parents use it when speaking to their 
children, and intimate friends amongst each other* 
Ohs. For Tu, Tin, then and thenne, which mode of 
spelling occurs in the Bible and the Code of Civil 
Laws, we now write Du, Din, den, denne. 

In common conversation we pronounce the words * 
mig, dig, sig, as if they w r ere written, mej, dej, sej, and 
this is so generaly the case, that in order to speak 
like others, we are obliged to conform to it. But in 
oratorial delivery this mode of pronouncing must be 
carefully avoided. 

Before the second person in plural / custom has 
put an n, (Ni), which letter, as we know, is the cha- 
racteristic of that person in all verbs, as haten, ha- 
taden, hafven, vardenj and being used in questions, 
the final n of the verb seems insensibly to have fallen 
in with the personal pronoun, as hafveni, instead of 



72 

hafven I ; and thus probably was Ni brought into 
use instead of /. 

Obs. Du (except in the before mentioned cases) 
and / or Ni are never used but when speaking to 
inferiors: we then address a boy or girl Du, and a 
man or woman Ni. When we write or speak to su- 
periors, or such as we owe respect or wish to be po- 
lite to, we use the words Herre, Sir ; Fru, Madam ; 
Froken, Mamsell, Jungfru (f), Miss, &c. which are 
then (except those that end with n as Baron, and 
also the word Mamsell) put in the definite state, as 
mil H err en ga f do you wish to go, Sir ? har Frun sett 
det $ have you seen it, Madam ? but vill Frbken ga f 
liar Mamsell sett det ? In the plural number all these 
complimentary words and titles are put in the definite 
state, as ha Baronerne varit der ? have you been 
there. Barons ? huru ma Damerna? how do you do, 
Ladies ? This relates also to the family names Fader y 
Moder, Broder and Syster, as ha Sy stroma sett det, 
have you seen.it, Sisters ? but in singular these must 
be indefinite, as har syster, (not system) sett det f If, 
besides the words Herre and Fru, the title of the 
person also is mentioned (which in politer addresses 
always is observed), then these words remain in the 
indefinite state, but the title is placed in the defi- 
nite, as vill Fru Major sk an komma: not Frun, and 
in this case the final e of the word Herre is, as 1 have 



(f.) We address a Nobleman's daughter, Froken ; a Gentleman's 
daughter, Mamsell ; and those of the third class, Jungfru-, which sig- 
nifies virgin or maid. 



73 

before stated, always left out, as vill Herr Ma- 
jor en komma ? will you come, Major ? Herr Dok- 
torn var ej hemma, you were not at home, Doctor, 
&c. 

Honom (of han), henne (of hon) and del suffer a 
strange contraction in speaking : instead of saying 
honom, they only add an n to the preceding word, as 
har du setVn, for har du sett honom ; and instead of 
henne and det, they add in the same manner na and 
t, as se*na, for se henne; sepa*t, for se pa det ; but these 
abreviations, though commonly used in familiar 
conversation, are far from being elegant, and ought to 
be avoided as much as possible. 

Vars is an obsolete genitive singular of var, and 
occurs only in the Scriptures. Eders, the genitive 
singular of Eder, is used before titles, as Eders Nad, 
your Grace ; Eders Hbghet, your Highness ; Eders 
Exettens, your Excellency ; Eders Majestdt, your 
Majesty. 

Obs. — As I or Ni can never be used but when 
they may be explained in the nominative or ra- 
ther vocative case, the word Eder supplies the 
other cases, and is then always contracted into Er. We 
cannot say, Jag gaf det at Ni, Jag har sett I, Jag 
hade det franNi, but Jag gaf det at Er, I gave it to 
you ; Jag har sett Er, I have seen you ; Jag hade 
det fran Er, I had it from you. The same contrac- 
tion we find even when Eder is used as an adjective, 
as Er son ar stor, your son is great ; and in the neu- 
ter gender, ar det ert barn? is it your child ? 

Of sin, neuter sitt, I have spoken already. Here 
E 



74 
I will only add, that although this pronoun is used 
as an adjective, it never (as also may be seen from the 
English words set against it) occurs in the nominative 
case. I make this observation as 1 have found fo- 
reigners frequently mistake this point. We cannot 
say, Han och sin far komma; Han sade attsin mor tir 
hemma; De och sina vanner tiro heir; but Han 
och ham far komma; Han sade att ham mor ar 
hemma; De ochderas vanner tiro har, they and their 
friends are here \ or in the ablative case, Han kom 
medsinfar; De tiro har med sina vtinner ; and in 
the accusative, Han sade sin mor vara hemma. 
{matrem domi esse). Observe too that sin always re- 
fers to the active substantive, or to speak with the 
acute Mr. Harris (g), the energher of the sen- 
tence ; thus, han var i sitt hus, he was in his house, 
is correct ; but we cannot say, Jag var hos honom i 
sitt husy it must be, ihans hus, for here Jag is the 
energizer, but in the former instance han. 

The indefinite pronoun nagon, any, is in the neuter 
gender nagot, and in plural nagra. Ingen, no or 
none, neuter intet, pi. inga. N. B. Intet is in com- 
versation frequently used for ej or icke y as jag har det 
intet (e/), I have it not ; but we cannot with pro- 
priety use it so in writing. 

The demonstrative pronoun den, that, is sometimes 
used as a relative (for som or hvilkeri), when the pre- 
ceding noun is indefinite. Thus we may say : En 
vagy den jag kan g&, a road that 1 can go. 

(g.) See Iris Hermes, B. i. Cix. 



75 

Hvilken, when used either in questions, or as a re- 
lative, must agree in gender and number with the 
noun to which it refers, as hvilken {man) sag du f 
hvilket (band) vill du se $ han soker den Ion, hvilken 
han vet sig fortjenaj he seeks the reward which he is 
conscious he deserves ; han fruktar for hafvet, h%iU 
ket han tror vara farligt, he fears the sea, which he 
believes to be dangerous. 

The pronoun hvad P what, is often (chiefly in ques- 
tions) followed by the particle /or, as hvad for 
fish ? what kind of fish ? hvad for en man ? what 
man ? 



On the Verbs. 

The verbs have been examined already in the para- 
digmaticai part of this work, as to their different 
kinds and inflections. Thus I shall only add a few ob- 
servations on them, which I look upon as necessary to 
be known by a beginner. 

When we do not want to determine any certain 
person or persons of a verb, we use the pronoun man, 
which, on that account, (and not that it is used before 
impersonal verbs, which it never can be), 1 have 
called impersonal, though it, strictly speaking, com- 
prehends all the persons, as man kan latt se det, one 
can (or may) easily see it ; man har sagt mig det, I 
am told so, &c. 

It must be observed of the auxiliary verbs, that 
some of them often appear by themselves, and have 
then also a positive sense ; thus hafoa signifies to pos- 

E 2 



76 

sess, blifva to remain, kunna to know, &c. as Jag 
kan min lexa, I know my lesson ; Jag blifver I Lon- 
don, I remain in London ; Han har stora egendomar, 
he possesses large estates . 

As att fa, to get, to receive, is often used as an au- 
xiliary verb in the Swedish, I think it proper to ob- 
serve that it is translated into English different ways, 
as the meaning of the sentence may require ; thus Jag 
far der h'dra talas om honom, we translate, I shall 
there hear him spoken of; Jagfkx ga dit om jag vill, 
I may go there if I like; Jag tick icke gora det, I 
was not permitted to do it ; Jag fick ej tid, 1 had no 
time ; du far laf att gora det 9 you must do it, also 
you may, you are at liberty to do it ; de fingo sina 
penningar, they received their money. 

When a whole sentence, or an infinite mode, is 
the subject of a verb, it is always put in the singular 
number and third person, as der as fornojda ansigten 
var det som fagnade mig, (litterally) their happy 
countenances was it that pleased me ; att dlska sitt 
Fddernesland, ar en latt pligt, to love one's country 
is an easy duty ; for these phrases may be resolved 
thus : det var deras fornojda ansigten som fagnade 
mig, det ar en latt pligt att dlska sitt Fddernesland, 
whereby det becomes the nominative in the sentence. 

The active verbs in the Swedish express their pas- 
sives in the following manners : Jag dlskas, jag ar 
alskad, and jag blifver or varder dlskad, of which 
the first, or jag dlskas, indicates what is done, or 
exists in the present moment: the second, or jag 
ar dlskad, means what has already existed some 



77 
time and still exists, and the third, jag blifver 
or varder disked, has reference to a time, which suc- 
ceeds the present; thus if 1 say jag hatas y jagvdrmes 7 
it means that I am now in the actual slate of being ha- 
ted or warmed ; jag tir hatad, jag cir vdrmd implies, 
that I have been so for some time, and still continue 
so, and jag varder hatad, jag blifver varmd, that I am 
to be so. But to explain it by another example, let 
us take the verb sticka, to sting, to stab. If we want 
to express that two persons are now in the act of being 
stung, we say de stickas, if they are stung already : 
de dro stuckne, and if they are to be stung ; de blifoa 
stuckne. Thus in the imperfect tense : jag dlskades, 
means 1 was loved : Jag var dlskad y I was and had 
been loved, and jag vardt or blef dlskad, 1 became 
loved (not having been so before). 

For the sake of perspicuity the compounded pas- 
sive forms are sometimes used instead 6f the simple. 
I will show the necessity of this by an example. The 
passive of the verb att sla, to beat, is jag slas, imp. 
jag slogs ; but there is also a demi-passive or depo* 
nent verb att slas, to fight, which has the imperfect 
tense the same as the other, or jag slogs. Now if I 
was to say Ryssarne slogos, it might either signify 
that the Russians fought, or that the Russians were 
defeated ; we therefore in the latter case use blifva, as 
Ryssarne slogos tappert vid Svensksund, men blefvo 
slagne, the Russians fought bravely at Svensksund, 
but were defeated. 

Of the impersonal verbs some appear in an active 
and others in a passive form, as det regnar, it rains, 



78 

det dagos, it begins to dawn ; of the verbs att regna 
to rain, and att dagas, to dawn. 

Obs. — Verbs of all kinds may be used as imperso- 
nal in the Swedish, in the same manner as they are 
in the English, as der gick ett ri/kte, there was a ru- 
mour ; det syntes sa, it appeared so \ de saga mycjcety 
som icke ar sant, they say much which is not true ; 
man kunde ej komma in, one could not get in &c. 

A few verbs appeared formerly with a double im- 
perative mode ; thus we find gack and ga, of the 
verb att ga ; statt and sta, of att sta, to stand ; but 
the former of these (gack and statt) are now totally 
laid aside, and occur only in the Scriptures and wri- 
tings of an antique date. 

As Imperatives not only imply a command, but 
also frequently a wish or exhortation, &c. as bevara 
Gud varKung, God save our King ; sirid, hjelte, strid, 
fight, hero, fight ! we use the sign of the future tense, 
when we wish to enforce a command, as du skall ar- 
beta, thou shalt work ; J skolen got a det, you shall 
or must do it. 

The sign of the infinite mode (att) is often left out 
in the Swedish, where in the English it must be ex- 
pressed; thus we write correctly Jag* bor gbra det^ 
I ought to do it. 

The form of the participles may be learnt from the 
paradigms. The present active participle occurs of- 
ten in the English, where the Swedish does not admit 
of it. We can neither begin a sentence with it, nor 
use it immediately after another verb ; thus if we 
would translate i having no money to lay out* and 



79 

* I cannot help admiring him,' we could not say, 
hafvande inga penningar att lagga ut ; jag kan ej 
underlet a beundrande honom ; but must in the for- 
mer case begin the sentence with a particle, and in 
the latter place the verb in the infinitive mode, as sa- 
somjag liar inga penningar att lagga ut ; jag kan 
ej underlata att beundra honom. No more can we 
use it after any of the particles, as is often the case 
in the English, The following expressions should 
thus be rendered into Swedish : c After having done 
that, I came home', sedan jag hade gjort det, komjag 
hem; 6 1 am prevented from doing it,' jag* dr hindrad 
fran att g'dra del; C I saw it whilst I was sitting 
there', jag sag det medanjag satt der, fyc. 

This participle may be inflected with an s in the 
genitive case, as en talandes, en alskandes, en ropan- 
des, which must not be confounded with the gerun» 
dial forms. 

The auxiliary verb hafoa is often suppressed (even 
in writing) when no confusion in the sentence arises 
from it, which in the English in similar cases would 
be unavoidable, as om han hat at mig, sa skulle jag 
glomt det, for om han hade hatat mig, sa skulle jag 
hafoa glomt det, if he (had) hated me, I should (have) 
forgot it; om jag endast haft tid, for om jag endast 
hade haft tid, if I only (had) had time, &c. Besides 
hafva is contracted into ha, and hafver into har, which 
is also admitted both in speaking and writing, 

Vill and kan are in common conversation not in- 
flected, as vill Ni ga, for viljen I ga f kan Ni g'dra 
det, for kunnen I gbra det? can you do it ? 



80 

Obs. Of maste, must, we form a preterite active 
participle mast, as han har mast gora del, he has 
been obliged to do it. 

The other verbs suffer more or less contraction in 
speaking. In general we may observe of them, 
that the first person (singular and plural) is retained 
through all the others without inflection. 

Observe that in the first conjugation the imperfect 
tense (the characteristic of which is to be trisyllabi- 
cal) leaves out the termination de; thus it will be 
said han hata mig, instead of han hatade mig, fyc. 

Verbs of the second conjugation, as also irregular 
verbs, ending with ara, ara, and bra, do generally 
become monosyllabic in the singular number of the 
present tense ; [thus instead of sparer, larer, korer, 
from the verbs att spara, to spare, lara, to learn ; 
kbra, to drive, &c. we use spar, lar, kor. 

The first person in plural of all verbs in the Swe- 
dish language were formerly ended with e, as vi 
hafve, vi hate, vi hore, S?c. which termination, though 
it still may be met with, begins more and more to be 
laid aside in writing, as it has long been in speaking. 

Observe here also that the article et (except 
when added to a noun as in bordet, the table) is of 
late, as well as the numeral and pronoun ett, written 
with tt, as ett bord, a table. 



On the Particles. 
I shall now close my observations with a few re* 



81 
taarks on the particles, some of which have no cor- 
respondents in the English, and may therefore appear 
either superfluous or intricate to a beginner. 

Sa is the sign of the apodosis or subsequent mean- 
ing of the sentence, as om jag kan, sa vill jag, if I 
can I will, and always places the nominative after its 
verb, ndr han kom dit, sa sade mannen till honom, 
not sa mannen sade, when he came there the man said 
U> him. 

Obs. — Sa is often suppressed, but the construction 
is still the same, as ndr jag kom, sade han, not han 
sade. 

The affirmative particle sannerligen, indeed, veri- 
ly, is negative when the following nominative stands 
before its verb, as sannerligen jag kan, indeed 1 can- 
not, but affirmative if vice versa, as sannerligen han 
jag, indeed I can ; and if a negative particle is added 
to the sentence, it does not alter this rule, but only 
strengthens the assertion, as sannerligen jag han icke, 
indeed 1 cannot, sannerligen karirjag icke, indeed I 
can. The place of the nominative and its verb 
should therefore be particularly attended to, as the 
meaning of the whole sentence often depends on it. 

Der there, and har here, signify the being in a 
place, dit and hit, thither and hither, the going to, 
arid coming from a place (h) ; as han dr hdr, he is 
here; kom hit, come hither; han stod der, he stood 
there ; han gick dit, he went thither. 



(h.) Observe the same of inne, within, and t/», in, as han ar in?te, 
be is within, horn in, come in. 



82 

Obs. — This distinction is strictly attended to in the 
Swedish. 

Att, which is the note of the infinitive mode, sig- 
nifies also the same as that, as de hoppas att han mil 
komma, they hope that he will come. 

Obs. — The pronoun det is sometimes used instead 
of att; thus they will say, de hoppas det han mil 
komma, 8?c. 

The interrogative particle^, having no correspond- 
ent in the English, is there best expressed by giving 
the meaning the turn of an affirmative question, as 
jag han ju icke det $ is not that impossible for me ? 
Han dr ju stor $ is he not great? But when it pre- 
cedes an adjective in the comparative degree, it an- 
swers to the, as ju mer desto bdttre, the more the 
better. 

Vdl is another interrogative particle without a cor- 
respondent, and must be rendered by indeed, I sup- 
pose, I hope, fyc. as the meaning of the sentencemay 
require, as det kunde du val, that you could indeed ; 
han dr val hemma ? he is at home, I suppose ? h an 
dr val hdr f he is here, I hope ? 

Obs. — Vdl signifies also well; and for the interjec- 
tion well ! the Swedish language has na vdl ! vdlan l 

Nog, enough, must also sometimes be rendered 
with indeed, as han mil nog gbra det, om du ber ho~ 
nom, he will indeed do it, if you ask him, he is sure 
to do it, &c. 

The interrogative particle manne is used in plain 
questions, as manne det dr sant? do you think it is 



83 

true? marine han kommer, is be expected to 
come, &c. 

Between ja and jo, which are both translated with 
yes, this difference is to be observed, that jo is 
used after questions in which there is a negative par- 
ticle, as var hart ej der ? was he not there ? jo ; and 
ja after such in which there is none, as horn han dit ? 
did he come thither? #a. 

Obs. — J6 is in common conversation frequently 
used as a mere affirmative interjection, as hvad shall 
jag nugbra? what must I now do? jo! du shall 
shrifva, why, you must write. 

Qvar is variously translated, as may be seen from 
the following examples : dr nagot qvar f is any thing 
left ? han satt qvar, he remained sitting ; dr hon dnnu 
qx>ar £ is she still here ? Dohtorn blef qvar, the 
Doctor remained, &c. 

The inseparable particles, such as be, for, miss, o, 
an, S?c. in bestrb, to bestrew ; forcfom, prejudice ; 
missforstand, misunderstanding ; olycklig, unhappy ; 
zntaga, to take upon, to accept, are easily learnt by 
practice. 

The following words, which might be called demu 
adverbs, are formed by joining a particle to a noun 
either in the nominative or genitive case. They are 
all such as constantly occur : / morgon, to-morrow ; 
i ofvermorgon, the day after to-morrow : om bord, 
on board ; om Sbndag, om Mandag, om Tisdag, om 
Onsdag, om Thorsdag, om Fredag, omLordag, next 
Sunday, next Monday, next Tuesday, &c 1 Son- 
dags, i Mandags, i Tisdags, i Onsdags, i Thorsdags f i 



84 
Fredags, i Lbrdags, last Sunday, last Monday, last 
Tuesday. &c. Iff or, last year; at are, or at ares, 
next year; i var, next spring; i v&ras, last spring ; 
i sommar, next summer ; i somras, last summer ; i 
host, next autumn; i hostas, last autumn; t vin- 
ter, next winter ; i vintras, last winter ; till hands, 
at hand ; till handa, to hand ; efter hand, little 
by little; ofoer hufvud, upon an average; till sjos, 
at sea; utom lands, abroad ; inom lands, within one's 
country, &c. 

But attention in reading a language is the best 
teacher of grammar, and the few rules I have now 
laid down will assist in finding the rest. 






85 



A PRAXIS 



Containing some scattered Pieces in Prose and Poe- 
try, from which the connexion of the different pails 
of speech and the construction of a sentence will ea- 
sily be inferred. They are borrowed from classical 
writers, and selected for this work on account of their 
syntactical perspicuity. 

Sorgens Son.* 
Vid htfxet pa ensligflstrande/i 

Satt Sorgen, fran himmelen skild, 
Och formade tankfull raed handen 

Afleref en mennisko-bild. ( 1 ). 

Zevs kom. Hvad ar det ? hors han fr&ga. 

" O ! Gud, blott en skapnad af ler ; 
Men visa din guda-formclga, 

Gif lif at den bild som du ser."( 2 ) 



THE SON OF SORROW.* 

Obs, — The letters in italic express the definite terminations* 

A literal translation. 

(1.) Near the sea on the lonely shore sat Sorrow, excluded (sepa- 
rated) from heaven, and formed thoughtful with the hand a human 
image of clay. 

(2.) Jove came. What is this ? he is heard to ask. O God ! only 
a shape of clay, but show thy divine power, give life to the image^ 
which thou beholdest. 



86 

Han lefve ; likval jag forklarar : 
Min ar han i kraft af mitt Ian. 

u Nej 5 (utbrister Sorgen ochsvarar), 
" Nej, lat raig behallamin son. ( 3 ) 

u Af mig ar han tillskapad vorden." 
Ja ; men han liar lifvet af mig., 

Som Jofur det sade kom J orderly 
Sag bilden och yttrade sig : ( 4 ) 

u Fran mig, fran mitt skot, ar han rofvad. 

" Jag aterbegar hvad jag mist/' 
Er ratt, sade Zevs, skall bli profvad, 

Saturnus skall slita var tvist. ( 5 ) 

Han domde : " Sig ingen beklage ! 

" Till alia gemensamt han hor. 
" Du Zevs ! som gaf nfxet, det tage 

" Med anden igen nar han dor. ( G ) 



(3.) May he live, yet I declare (him to be) he is mine on account 
of (by virtue of) my loan. No, exclaims Sorrow and answers, no, 
let me keep (with me) my son. 

(4.) By me he is shaped (formed). Yes, but he has (got) life from 
me. As Jove said this, Earth came, saw the figure and uttered 
herself. 

(5.) From me, from my bosom he is taken, and I reclaim what 1 
have lost. Your right, answered Jove, shall be examined : Saturn shall 
decide (settle, determine) our dispute. 

(6.) He gave this sentence (he judged) : May no one complain ! To 
you all jointly he belongs. Thou Jove ! who gave him life, take it 
again with his soul, when he dies. 



87 

" Du Jord 1 till din egendom gore 
" Hans ben. Gom dem ater i frid. 

K Dig Sorg ! Dig, sin mor, han tillhore 
u Sin hela besvarliga tid. ( T ) 

" Fran dig skall, sa lange han andas, 
cc Han aldrig bli skild nagon dag. 

" Din suck raed hans anda skall blandas ; 
" Din blick raed hans anletes drag.( 8 ) 

Sa Allmaktens utslag blef gifvet, 
Och menskawj i kraft af dess bud, 

Blef tillhorig Sorgen i lifvet ; 
I dodew — Jordew och Gud. ( 9 ) 



(7.) Thou Earth ! make to thy possession his bones. Hide [them 
again in peace. To thee, Sorrow I to thee, his mother, he may belong 
his whole troublesome time. 

(8.) From thee he shall, as long as he breathes, never be separated 
any day. Thy sigh shall be mixed with his breath, thy look with 
the features of his face. 

(9.) So the decree of the Almighty was given, and map, in conse- 
quence of his command, was made to appertain to Sorrow in life ; in 
death— to Earth and to God. 



88 

DEN ALLMANNA BONEN. 

Ofversatt fran Engelskan. 

Fader ! hvad du m&nde beta, 
Jehovah, Jofur, eller Gud : 
De visa dina stadgar veta, 

De vilda kanna dina bud. 

Du varelsernas forsta kalla, 
Som ingen dadlig an forstod, 
Ma evigt denna sanning galla, 
Atf jag ar blind, och du ar god ! 

Du gaf formogenhet att skilja 

1 delta morker ondt fran godt ; 
Och Iemnade at menskans vilja 
Den frihet ej naturen fiatt. 

Lat allt, som strider mot din ara, 
Lat allt, hvaraf den blir fxirokt, 
Langt mer an Helvetet ftirfara, 
Langt mer an Himlen blifvasokt ! 

Lat raig i tacksamt minne sluta 
Allt godt, som du raiglemnat har : 
Ty menskor lyda, dadenjuta, 
Gud ar betald, nar menskan tar. 

Lat mig ej all din godhet skranka 
Inom den krets som jag bebor : 
Jag tusen verldars Gud dig tror, 
D& tusen verldar kring raig blanka. 



89 



THE UNIVERSAL PRAYER, 



Father of All! in ev'ry age, 

In ev'ry clime ador'd, 
By saint, by savage, and by sage, 

Jehovah, Jove, or Lord ! 

Thou Great First Cause, least understood, 

Who all my sense confin'd 
To know but this, that thou art good, 

And that myself am blind; 

Yet gave me, in this dark estate, 

To see the good from ill ; 
And binding nature fast in fate, 

Left free the human will. 

What conscience dictates to be done, 

Or warns me not to do, 
This, teach me more than hell to shun, 

That more than heav'n pursue. 

What blessings thy free bounty gives, 

Let me not cast away ; 
For God is paid when man receives : 

T 5 enjoy is to obey. 

Yet not to earth's contracted span, 

Thy goodness let me bound. 
Or think Thee Lord alone ot man, 

When thousand worlds are round* 



90 

Lat mig ej tro du skulle ge 
At mig den makt alt askan tanda, 
Och hainden kring om jorden sanda 
Till den jag tror din fiende. 

Om jag gor ratt, o lat raig vinna 
Mer styrka pa den vag jag far ! 
Om jag gar vilse, lat mig finna 
Den straten jag forlorat har ! 

Ma du mig aldrig se formaten, 
Om nagon nad du mig vill ge ! 
Ma du mig aldrig missnojd se, 
Om nagon gang jag blir forgaten ! 

Hvad andra brutit ma bli glomdt ! 
Hvad andra lida ma jag omma ! 
Ma du en gang om mig sa dorama, 
Som jag om alia andra domt ! 

Fast jag ar svag, ar detmin styrka 
Att ha min anda ifran dig : 
I dag, ehvad som hander mig, 
Ma jag dig vardigt kunna dyrka ! 

Brod, helsa, frid, den lotten blif, 
Som du i dag ma mig beskara I 
AUt annat neka, eller gif, 
Alltsom det samjes med din ara. 

At Dig, du hogsta varelse, 
Som rymden till ditt tempel spande, 
Och jorden satt till altare, 
Ma alia roster lafsang ge ! 
Ma alia rokverk blifva tande ! 



91 

Let not this weak, unknowing hand 
Presume thy bolts to throw, 

And deal damnation round the land 
On each I judge thy foe. 

If I am right thy grace impart, 

Still in the right to stay : 
If I am wrong, oh ! teach my heart 

To find that better way. 

Save me alike from foolish pride, 

Or impious discontent, 
At aught thy wisdom has deny'd. 

Or aught thy goodness lent. 

Teach me to feel another's woe, 

To hide the fault I see; 
That mercy I to others shew, 

That mercy shew to me. 

Mean tho* I am, not wholly so, 
Since quick'ned by thy breath : 

O lead me wheresoe'er I go, 
Thro' this day's life or death. 

This day, be bread and peace my lot t 

AU else beneath the sun, 
Thou know'st if best bestow' d or not> 

And let thy will be done. 

To Thee, whose temple is all space^ 
Whose altar, earth, sea, 9kies, 

One chorus let all beings raise ! 
All nature's incense rise ! 



92 
Om frdmmande ord i Svenska, Sprakct. ( x ) 

Ifran aldsta tider ( 2 ) hade Svenska spr&kef blifvit 
uppblandadt med frammande ord. Troligen ( 3 ) har 
nagon sammanblandning skett ( 4 ) emellan det spr&k 
Asarne hitftjrde ( 5 ) och det som talades af landed ald- 
sta inbyggare ( 6 J ; men dess beskaffenhet ( 7 ) och iolj- 
der kunna af oss svarligen ( 8 ) kannas ( 9 ) och bestam- 
mas( 10 ). Sprakef tog sedermera efter hand sin form 
och sitt lynne («). Behof och tillf alligheter ( 12 ) hafva 
tid efter annan uppfyllt ctet med l&n ifr&n &tskilliga 
tungoraal ( 13 ). Fornamligast hafva dock de fram- 
mande ord vi aga kommit ifran dessa fem sprak : La- 
tinew, Engelskaw, Danskaw, Tyskaw( 14 ) och Fran- 
ska;!, &c. 

Da Kristendomen infordes, fingo vi helt visst ur 
Engelskaw fleraC 15 ) ord. Begge sprkkens gemen- 
samma ursprung ( l6 ), som vid denna epok visade ( 17 ) 
sig i storre likhet an nu tor tidew, gjorde dock infior- 
lifvandetf ( 18 ) af dessa ord latt, och utan betydlig( 19 ) 
verkan p& uttal och skrifsatt C 20 ) ; och skulle nagon 
sadan hafva intraflat( 21 ), forlorar den sig i en alder- 
dom, der undersokningew C 22 ) blifver svar ( e3 ), om icke 
o mojlig. (**) 

(1.) On foreign words in the Swedish language, (extracted from the 
preface to the Transactions of the Swedish Academy, p. 31.) 
(2.) remotest times. (3.) probably (4.) att ske, to happen, to take place. 
(5.) att hitfora, to bring hither. (6.) inhabitants. (7.) nature. 

(8.) hardly. (9.) to know. (10.) to determine. (11.) genius, turn. 
(12.) chance, occurrence. (13.) different languages. (14.) the German. 
(15.) several. (16.) common origin. (1 7.) to show. 

(18.) incorporation, naturalization. (19.) material. 

(20.) pronunciation and orthography. (21.) to occur, to arrive, to 
take place. (22.) investigation, scrutiny. (23,) difficult. 

(24.) impossible. 



93 



SAMTAL. 



DIALOGUES. 



God morgon. God dag. 
God afton. Farval. 
Hur mar Herren ? 
Hur star det till ? 
Hur har Herren m&tt ? 
Bra, Gudskelaf! 
Ratt bra, jag tackar. 
Jag mar ratt val nu ; 

men jag har varit gan- 

ska dalig. 

Jag beklagar det rayc- 
ket; men jag ar glad 
attse Herren ater frisk. 

Ernar Herren resa lan- 
gre i afton ? 

Nej, jag blir qvar har i 
natt. 

Jag ernar hvila har ofver 
natten. 

Blir Herren ock qvar ? 

Jag reser hela natten. 

Jag tycker-om att rasa 

om natten ; 

Ty det ar svalare da, 

Man moter ei sa mycket 

folk. 

Hvart ernar Herren resa? 

Tanker Herren resa 
langt ? 



Good morning.Good day. 

Good evening. Farewell. 

How do you do. Sir ? 

How are you ? 

How have you been ? 

Well, God be thanked ! 

Very well, I thank you. 

1 am very well now ; 
but I have been very 
ill. 

I am very sorry for it ; 
but I am glad to see 
you well again. 

Do you intend to travel 
farther this evening ? 

No, I remain here to 
night. 

I intend to sleep here to 
night. 

Do you stay likewise, Sir ? 

I shall travel all night. 

I like to travel by night ; 

Because it is cooler then. 

One does not meet so 
many people. 

Whither do you intend to 
travel, Sir? 

Do you think to travel 
far? 



94 



Jag reser till Harwich, 

och derifran seglar jag 

till Sverge. 
Vet Herren nar Packeten 

gar? 
Jag gar med ett skepp. 
Packeten gar i morgon, 

om vinden ar god. 
Ar Herren saker pa det ? 
Vet Herren det visst ? 

Ja, det ar ganska sakert. 
Det ar osakert. 
Jag ar viss pa det. 
Hvilken vag reser Herren 

harifran ? 
Jag tanker mig ock till 

Harwich. 
Lat oss da gora sallskap. 
Lat oss resa tillsammans. 
Jag har egen vagn. 

o 

Ak med mig. 

Jag air Herren mycket 
forbunden. 

Jag emottager gerna 

Herrens tillbud. 
Detar ett vackert land. 
Vagen ar ganska god. 
Har Herren sitt pass ? 

Vi maste uppge vara 
namn. 

Ar allt fardigt ? 



I am travelling to Har- 
wich, and from thence 
1 shall sail for Sweden. 

Do you know, Sir, when 
the packet goes ? 

I go in a ship. 

The packet goes to-mor- 
row, if the wind is fair. 

Are you sure of that, Sir ? 

Do you know it for cer- 
tain, Sir ? 

Yes, it is very certain. 

It is uncertain. 

I am sure of it. 

What road do you take 
from hence, Sir ? 

I also intend to go to 
Harwich. 

het us then make a party. 

Let us go together. 

I have my own carriage. 

Travel with me. 

I am much obliged to you, 
Sir. 

I gladly accept your of- 
fer, Sir. 

It is a fine country. 

The road is very good. 

Have you your passport. 

We must give in our 
names. 

Is every thing ready ? 



95 



Fattas ingenting ? 

Har Herren glcimt na- 

gonting ? 
Ar allt betaldt ? 
Har Herren ackorderat 

om frakten ? 
Allt ar bestyrdt ? 
Nar ska (skola) vi ga om 

bord ? 
Genast, i dgonblicket. 

Aro sakerna om bord ? 
Ar allt i baten? 
Kom latossga. 
Har Herren varit pa sjon 
forut ? 

Jag har varit i Ost-In- 

dien. 
Jag har seglat mycket om- 

kring. 
Det ar vackert vader. 
Det blaser alldeles intet. 
Det begynner blasa. 
. Vi ha god vind. 
Det blaser hardt. 
Det ser ut sora vi skulle 

fa storm. 
Det begynner regna. 
Hor Herren askan ^ 
Det blixtrar. Det ljungar. 
Blixt; Ljungeld. 



Is nothing wanted ? 
Have you forgot any 

thing ? 
Is every thing paid ? 
Have you settled about 

the freight ? 
All is arranged. 
When are we to go on 

board ? 

Immediately; this mo- 
ment. 

Are the things on board ? 
Is every thing in the boat ? 
Come let us go. 
Have you been on the sea 
before, Sir ? 

I have been in the East- 
Indies. 

I have sailed a good deal 
about. 

It is fine weather. 

It does not blow at all. 

It begins to blow. 

We have a fair wind. 

It blows hard. 

It looks as if we should 
have a storm. 

It begins to rain. 

Do you hear the thunder ? 

It lightens. 

Lightning ; Flash of light- 
ning. 



96 



Thordon ; aska ; askdun- 
der. 

Vi ha refvat seglen. 

Stormen har lagt sig. 

Stormen ar ofver; stor- 
men har upphort. 

Vi ha yackert nu. 

Det ar skont vader. 

Har Herren en bok att 
lana mig ? 

Kan Herren lana mig en 
bok? 

Hvilken bok vill Herren 
lana. 

Jag kan lana Herren hvil- 
ken bok Herren vill. 

Jag ville lana en resbe- 
skrifning. 

Har Herren nagon sadan ? 

Har Herren nagon resbe- 
skrifning ofver Sverge ? 

Jag har tva eller (re till 
min Herres tjenst. 

Tycker Herren om resbe- 
skrifningar ? 

HerrenborlasaCATTEAUs 
eller Dr. Clarkes be- 
skrifning ofver Sver- 
ffe. 



Thunder. 

We have reefed the sails. 

The storm is laid. 

The storm is blown over, 

has ceased. 
We have it fine now. 
It is beautiful weather. 
Have you a book to lend 

me. Sir ? 
Can you lend me a book, 

Sir? 
What book do you wish 

to borrow. 
I can lend you any book 

you choose. 
I wished to borrow a book 

of travels. 
Have you any such ? 
Have you any travels 

through Sweden ? 
I have two or three at 

your service. 
Do you like travels, Sir ? 

You should read Cat- 
teau's or Dr. 

Clarke's description 
of Sweden. 



97 



Har ar Kuttners resa i 
Danmark och Sverge. 

Har Herren Acerbi's resa? 

Hvad tycker Herren om 
den? 

Om hans uppgifter fa vi 
snart tillfalle att doma. 

Jag har stor anledning att 
tvifla om deras riktig- 
het. 

Hans bok ar icke val om- 
talad i nagon jurnal. 

Hvad har Herren emot 
Acerbi ? 

Hans laga satt att van- 
stalla karakterer, att go - 
ra fortjenst och Guds- 
fruktan misstankta och 
den redliga enfalden 
lojlig. 

Hvad skepp ar det vi se ? 

Det ser xxt som en fregatt. 

Det ar ett kopmans-far- 

Ska vi preja det ? 

Lat oss hissa flaggen. 

Det tyckes vara djupt la- 
stadt. 

Det ar ett Engelskt skepp. 

Hvarifran kommer Ni ? 

Jag kommer fran Oster- 
sjon. 



Here is Kuttner's tra- 
vels in Denmark and 
Sweden.* 

Have you got Acerbi's 
travels ? 

How do you like it ? 

Concerning his statements 
we shall soon be able to 
judge. 

I have great reason to 
doubt the truth of them. 

His book is not well spo- 
ken of in any review. 

What have you against 
Acerbi ? 

His low manner of mis- 
representing charac- 
ters, making merit and 
piety suspected, and 
ridiculing honest sim- 
plicity. 

What ship is it we see ? 

It looks like^ frigate. 

It is a merchant's vessel. 

Shall we hail it ? 

Let us hoist our colours. 

It seems to be deep laden. 

It is an English ship. 
Whence do you come ? 
I come from the Baltic. 



* See Collection of Modern and Contemporary Voyage* and Travels. 



98 



H vad last har Ni om bord? 

Jag har jern och brader. 

Stal, koppar, tjara. 

Beck, talg, hampa. 

Lin, timraer, master. 

Stafver och tran. 

Hvart skall Ni ga ? 

Jag ernar mig till London 

Jag onskar Er en lycklig 
resa. 

Har Ni mott nagon ka- 
parc ? 

Sag Ni den stora flottan ? 

Alia skeppen voro i Sun- 
det. 

Nar lemnade Ni lotsen ? 

I forgars afton. 

Har Ni nagon fisk ? 
Lat oss forsoka att fiska, 
Hvad slags fisk sir det ? 
Den stora ar en torsk. 
Hvad kallar Ni denhar ? 
Det aren kolja, 
En flundra, 
En tunga. en karp ? 
En kabeljo, 
En sill, en makrilU 
Har Ni hummer ? 
Kraftor och musslor. 
Lat oss forsoka att meta. 
Har ar en met-ref. 



What cargo have you ? 

I have iron and deals. 

Steel, copper, tar. 

Pitch, tallow, hemp. 

Flax, timber, masts. 

Staves and train-oil. 

Whither are you bound? 

I am bound for London. 

I wish you a happy voy- 
age/ 

Have you met any priva- 
teer ? 

Did you see the large fleet ? 

All the ships were in the 
Sound. 

When did you leave the 
pilot ? 

In the evening on the day 
before yesterday. 

Have you got any fish ? 

het us try to fish. 

What kind of fish is that ? 

The large one is a cod. 

What do you call this ? 

It is a haddock, 

A flounder, 

A sole, a carp, 

A codfish, 

A herring, a mackerel. 

Have you got any lobsters? 

Crawfish and muscles. 

Let us try to angle, 

Here is a fishing: line. 



99 



Satt en sill pa kroken. 

Hvadar det vise? 

Ar det land eller moln ? 

Vi aro vid Svenska ku- 
sten. 

Det ar Svenska landet. 

Hvem kommer der ? 

Hvem ar i baten? 

Det ar en fiskarbat. 

Det ar lotsen som kom- 
mer. 

Behofva vi en lots ? 

Kom pa dack. 

Det ar en hog klippa. 

Hvad ar det for ett torn ? 

Det ar en fastning. 

Hvar ska vi landa i 

Lat oss ga i land har. 

Ropa kajut-vakten. 

Vi maste klada oss. 

Vi maste putsa oss. 

Har ar ett fat med vat- 
ten. 

Tag hit tvalen. 

Lana mig en rakknif. 

Jag kan ej raka mig sjelf. 

Har Herren tvattat sig ? 

Jag ar strax fardig. 
Hum manga ska ro ? 

Kan Herren visa mig va- 
gen. 

Var sa god och sag mig 
vagen. 



Put a herring on the hook 

What is it we see ? 

Is it land or clouds ? 

We are on the Swedish 
coast. 

Tis the Swedish shore. 

Who comes there ? 

Who is in the boat ? 

It is a fishing boat. 

It is the pilot that comes. 

Do we want a pilot ? 
Come on deck. 
It is a high rock. 
What tower is that ? 
It is a fortress. 
Where shall we land ? 
hei us go a shore here. 
Call the cabin-boy. 
We must dress ourselves. 
We must adjust ourselves. 
Here is a bason of water. 

Bring the soap here. 

Lend me a razor. 

I cannot shave myself. 

Have you washed your- 
self, sir ? 
I am ready immediately. 

How many shall row ? 

Can you show nae the 
way, sir ? 

Be so kind as to tell me 
the way. 
F 2 



100 



Jag hittar* alldeles icke. 

Det ar en vacker gata. 
Hvad ar detta for ett hus ? 
Hvcm bor har ? 
Hvad heter detta stallet ? 
Det ar ett vardshus. 
Har Ni rum att hyra ut ? 
Kan jag fa bo i ert hus ? 
Hvad begar Ni i veckan ? 
Hvad skall jag betala ? 
Bar in mina saker. 
Hvar ar min kappsack ? 

Ar min koffert der ? 
Jag saknar ingenting. 

Om Mat och Drick* 

Jag ar hungrig. 
Jag kanner mig hungrig. 
Gifmig nagonting attata ? 
Hvad kan jag fa att ata ? 
Har Ni nagonting far- 
digt ? 

Hvad har Ni till mid- 
dag? 

Jag vill ha fisk till for- 
ratt. 

Lat mig se mat-sedeln. 

Ni har al, gadda och a- 
borre. 



I do not know the wav 
at all. 

It is a fine street. 

What house is this ? 

Who lives here? 

What is this place called ? 

It is a tavern. 

Do you let lodgings ? 

May I lodge in your house? 

What do you ask a week ? 

What must I pay ? 

Bring in my things. 

Where is my portman- 
teau ? 

Is my trunk there ? 

I miss nothing. 

About Eating 8? Drinking 

I am hungry. 
I feel myself hungry. 
Give me something to eat. 
What can 1 have to eat ? 
Have you any thingready ? 

What have you for din- 
ner ? 

I will begin with fish. 

Let me see the bill of fare ? 

You have eel, pike, and 
perches. 



* Att hitta ; hitta vagen, to find, to know the way. 
I know the way myself. 



Jag hittar sjelf, 



101 



Vill Herren ha farsk lax ? 

Har Ni hvitling ? 
Ar soppan god ? 
Gif mig en tallrik art-sop- 
pa. 

Tycker Herren ej omkott- 
soppa ? 

Jag har lust att sraaka 

den. 
Hvad kott-ratter har Ni ? 
Kokadt (kokt) eller stekt? 

Var god och gif mig litet 
brod. 

Ar oxsteken god? 

Kalfstek, farstek. 

Grisstek, lamstek. 

Vill Herren smaka pud- 
dingen ? 

Dricker Herren vin ? 

Ar vinet godt ? 

Gif mig ett glas vin. 

Ater Herren radisor ? • 

Jag tycker mer omsallat. 

Har ar ost, sraor. 

Vill Herren ha svag- 
dricka eller ol ? 

Har Ni porter ? 

Jag har Stockholras-ol. 

Om Kidder. 
Skickaefteren skraddare. 



Would you like fresh sal- 
mon ? 

Have you whitings ? 

Is the soup good ? 

Bring me a plate of pease 
soup. 

Don't you like broth, sir? 

I have a mind to taste it ? 

What meat have you ? 

Boiled or roasted. 

I'll thank you for a piece 
of bread. 

Is the roast beef good ? 

Roast veal, mutton. 

Roast pork, lamb. 

Would you taste the pud- 
ding, Sir ? 

Do you drink wine ? 

Is the wine good ? 

Let me have a glass of 
wine. 

Do you eat radishes ? 

I like the sallad better. 

Here is cheese, butter. 

Would you have table- 
beer or ale ? 

Have you any porter ? 

I have Stockholm's stout 
ale. 

About Dress. 
Send for a tailor. 



102 



Hattmakare, skomakare. 

Ni maste gora mig en sur- 
tut, en frack, en vast, 
ett par byxor. 

Hvilken farg skall det bli? 

Hvar ar monstret ? 

Hvad kostar hatten ? v 

Behofver Herren nagon- 
ting tvattadt at sig ? 

H&r ar tvatterskan. 

Tag hit en ren halsduk, 
skjorta, nasduk,strum- 
por, kalsonger. 

Hvar aro mina skor ? 

Har ar ett par stoflar. 

Ar harfrisorn kommen ? 

Ni maste klippa mitt har. 

JEn kam, en sax, pomada, 
puder, tandborste, na- 
geltang. 

Kop mig ett par skoband, 
ett par hangslor. 

Brukar Herren spannen ? 

Hvar ar min kapp och 
mina handskar ? 

Om en Resa. 

~1Var ska vi resa ? 

Du maste bestalla hastar. 

Jag har forsett migmed 
lospengar, och smased- 
lar. 



Hatter, shoemaker. 

You must make me a 
great coat, a frock, a 
waistcoat and a pair of 
breeches. 

What colour shall it be ? 

Where is the pattern ? 

What does the hat cost ? 

Do yau want to have any 
thing washed for you. 
Sir? 

Here is a laundress. 

Bring me a clean neck- 
cloth, shirt, pocket- 
handkerchief,stockings, 
drawers. 

Where are my shoes ? 

Here is a pair of boots. 

Is the hairdresser come ? 

You must cut my hair. 

A comb, a pair of scissars, 
pomatum,powder, tooth- 
brush, nail-nippers. 

Buy me a pair of shoe- 
strings, a pair of braces. 

Do you wear buckles ? 

Where is my stick and 
my gloves ? 

Of a Journey. 

When shall set off? 

You must bespeak horses. 

I have provided myself 
with change and small 
banknotes. 



103 



Jag har femton Ricksda- 
ler i smamynt.* 

Huru manga hastar be- 
hofva vi ? 

Hastarna aro forspanda. 

Hvilken vag ska vi ta ? 

Jag maste taga afsked. 

Kor ofver bron. 

Hur langt ar det till nasta 
hall eller gastgifvare- 
gard. 

Sex fjerdings-vag. 

En och en half rail, 
halfannan mil.f 

Hvar star milstolpen ? 
(fjerdingsstolpen) . 

Kor pa. Jag vill ga opp- 
for backen, 

Kor ej sa fort. 

Hall. Lat hastarna sta 
litet. 

Kor fram. Vi aro nil 
frarame. 

Ar detta Gastgifvare-gar- 
den? 

Hvar ar hallkarlen ? 

Har Ni hastar inne ? 

Satt strax for. 



I have fifteen rixdollars 
in change. 

How many horses do we 
want ? 

The horses are put to. 

Which road shall we take 

I must take leave. 

Drive over the bridge. 

How far is it to the next 
stage or inn. 

Six quarters of a mile. 
One mile and a half. 

Where stands the mile- 
stone ? 

Drive on. I will walk up 
the hill. 

Don't drive so fast. 

Stop. Let the horses stand 

a little. 
Drive up. We are now 

arrived at the place. 

Is this the Inn ? 

Where is the ostler ? 
Have you horses at hand? 
Put them to immediately. 



* Forty-eight Swedish shillings make a rixdollar. It depends on 
the course of exchange how many rixdollars of the bank of Sweden go 
to a pound sterling. 

t We generally count seven English miles to one Swedish. 



104 



Jag skall skynda mig. 

Hvad skall jag betala ? 

Tre daler * milen. 

Raknar Ni silfver eller 
koppar daler ? 

L&t oss ge oss af. 

Gaf du nagra drickspen- 
gar? 

Hvem rar om det huset ? 

Hvem bor der ? 

Det hor till kronan. 

Hvar ska vi kora in i 
staden ? 

Du kor galet. 

Far jag bohos Er? 

Jag behofver tva rum. 

Jag behofver en sang- 
kammare, ett formak. 

Ni maste koka mig kaffe. 
Teet ar fardigt. 



I will make haste. 

What have I to pay ? 

Three dollars a mile. 

Do you count by silver or 
copper dollars ? 

Let us set off. 

Did you give any drink- 
money ? 

Who is the owner of that 
house ? 

Who lives there ? 

It belongs to the King. 

Where shall we put up in 
town ? 

You drive the wrong way. 

May I lodge with you ? 

I want two rooms. 

I want a bed-room, a 
parlour. 

You must make me some 
coffee. 

The tea is ready. 



* There are eighteen copper and six silver dollars to a rixdollar. 



EXERCISES 

FOR TRANSLATING INTO SWEDISH. 



ON THE ARTICLES. 

Hand me a book. 
Gifva bok m. 

Lend me a pen-knife.' 
Lana pennknifm. 

An upright man. 
arlig karl m. 

The crown of a King. 
krona Konung 

The son of the King. 

son. 
A pretty girl. 
% acker flicka. 

An intimate friend. 
intim van. 

The brave Alexander. 
tapper. 

Charles the twelfth. 
Carl tolfte. 

The sister of my friend's wife. 

syster hustri4. 

A book of my brother's. 
broder. 



106 

A friend of mine. 

min. 
A servant of the Queen's. 

tjenare Drottning* 

It depends on circumstances. 

omstandighet 3. defin. 
Anger ought to be avoided, 

Vrede m. def. undvika, nndv^k, 

Falsehood is odious. 
Osanning fbrhatlig. 



ON THE NOUNS. 



An industrious man. — A virtuous woman. 

idog dygdig qvinna. 

An obedient child. — An old lady. 

It/dig barn w, gammal fruntimmer n. 

The oldest of the servants. — A wicked fellow. 
didst elak harL 

A small house. — The least creature. 
liten hus n. minst kreatur . 

Providence rewards the good, and punishes the bad. 
Fbrsyn belbna 1. god straffa 1. ond. 

A mountain is larger than a hill, 

berg n. stbrre an kulle m. 
Virtue is more valuable than gold. 
Dygd def. dyrbtxr guld. 



107 



ON THE PRONOUNS. 



The man is honest, he is useful, he is benevolent, he 

hederlig nyttig vdlvillig 

is active. 
driftig 

She is virtuous. — It is detestable. 
dygdig afskyvdrd 

1 am sorry. — Thou art kind. — They are rich. 
Jag vara ledsen god rik. 

That man is happy who is virtuous. 
Den man lycklig som. 

This is what I desired. 
Detta hvad onska 1. 

He is a true friend, who is faithful in adversity. 
verklig trogen olyckaf. 

The bird which sung so sweetly. 

fa gel m. sjunga^sbng behagligt. 

Modesty is a quality that highly adorns every one. 
Modesti egenskap hogligen pry da 2.hvarochen* 
A religion whose origin is divine. 
religion ur sprung n. guddomlig. 

They that reprove us are our best friends. 
forebra vdnm^S* 

That belongs to me. — Who is he ? 

h'6ra2. till Hvem 

What is your father ? — My young cousin. 
eder far ung kusin. 

I know thy parents. — I admire his courage. 

kdnna 2. fbrdldrar bcundra 1. mod. 
She lives with her mother. 
bo 2. hos sin mor. 

All our property is lost. 
All formogenhet forlorad. 



108 

I will come to your house. 
komma hus n. 

Their situation is miserable. 
belagenhet m. bmkelig. 

This hat is mine, the other is thine. 
hatt m+ andra 

Those diamonds are hers. 

juvel 3. 
This warehouse is ours, and that is yours 
magasin 5 3 n. och 

Their house is more commodious than ours. 

beqvam. 
I did it myself. — He came himself. 

gora, gjorde sjelf komma, horn sjelf. 

They performed it themselves. 
verkstalla2. 

Every man must account for himself. 
hvarochen svaral. 

I have not seen either. 

se nagondera 
Neither of my brothers were there. 

Ingendera broder, pi. broder der. 

This is true. — That is only a fancy. 

sarin. iribillning y m. 

I may have misunderstood him. 

tora 9 torde miss for st a. 

I did not write that letter. 

You do not attend to your own interests as he does. 

bevaka 1 . fordel mf£. 

Let us do that. — Let him have it. 

/a. 
We must do it. — Let us be gone. — It may rain. 

g&* regna. 

A wise man governs his passions. 
vis styra%. begdr 5. 



109 

To be good is to be happy. 

vara sail. 

To be temperate is to prolong the life. 

mattlig forlanga2. lif n. 

That he should refuse such an offer, is very natural. 
afsla tillbud n.gamka naturlig 

Mayest thou be happy. — Long live the King ! 

lefva 2. Konung. 
Were it not for this. — Had I been there. 

I will reward thee. — Thou wilt repent of that* 
belona. hngra. 

He will never succeed. — We shall dine at home. 
lyckas dta middag hemma 

I am musing on that. — I must own that I am wrong. 
f under a 1. tillsta hafva ordtt. 

Cease to do evil.— I heard him say so. 

Upphora 2. ond hbra 2. saga 



ON THE ADVERBS. 

He reads very well. — He acted very wisely. 
lasa vdl giora, gjord vist. 

It is much better to go, than to stay. 

mycket an blifva qvar. 

I never saw him. — I have always thought so. 
aldrig alltid tdrika 3. 

By all means let us know it as soon as possible. 
For all del veta sa snart som mojeligt. 

I verily believe so. — He came very suddenly. 
Sannerligen tro 2. hastigt. 

Come here. — Go hither. 
hit dit % 



110 

One ought to be indulgent, 
Man bora ofverseende. 

One is apt to love one's-self. 
benagen dlska sig sjelf 

Some are happy, others are unfortunate. 

Nagon pi. nagra lycklig andra olj/cfclig. 

None of them returned. 
Ingen komma tillbaka. 



ON THE VERBS. 



I am offended. — She is loved by her husband. 
fortbrnad. dlskad af man* 

I am writing a letter. — Are you reading this book ? 
skrifva brefn, lasad. 

I have done it. — I love my children. 
gbra, gjort. barn w 5 5 . 

He instructs his pupils. — Does he love her ? 

undervisa 1. e!ef3. 

Improve your time. — Depart in peace. 
Begagnal-. tidm. Far a, for fred. 
Forgive your enemies. 

Fdrlata, imp. j or lat Jiende 3. 

I will love though he chide me. 
ehuru banna 1. 

Having finished his work, he went home. 
sluta 1. arbeten^A. g&ygick hem. 
We should resist the allurements of vice. 
emotsta retelse 3. last. 

He may go or stay. — I saw him yesterday . 

blifva qvar se^sag^sett igar. 

I came home this morning, 

komma^ kom i morse 



Ill 

1 have heard great news to-day. 
hora2. stor nj/het 3. idag 
I never saw a more affecting sight. 
aldrig rorande syn m. 

I had finished my letter before he arrived. 

innan anlanda 2. 

Ifhe come to-morrow, I shall speak to him. 
i morgon tala 1. med 

I wrote to him yestesday* 

skrifva, skref, skrifoit. 
I have written to him to-day. 
He was ill, but I still thought he might recover. 

sjulc likval tro 2. kunna komma-sig. 



ON THE PREPOSITIONS, 

He went from London to Harwich. 
till 

The book is written by him. 

His coat is made by Slater, the tailor. 

rock skraddare. 

He writes with a bad pen, 

med dalig pennaf. 
They ran towards the river. 

spring a, sprang till strom m. 

He died of a fever. 
do, dog af feber. 
He loves her for her accomplishments. 

for talang 3. 

A mother with her children. 
moder sin barn n> 5. 



112 

Have you money about you ? 

penningar hos 
He went into the shop — In the pulpit. 

in i bod m. Pa predikstol ?n. 
He stood without the gate. 
sta, stod utanfore port, m. 



ON THE CONJUNCTIONS. 

You and I are happy, because we are pious. 
emedan from* 

Though he was rich, yet he became poor 
Ehuru rik likvdl blifva^blef fattig 

for our sakes. — Whether he will or not. 
for skull. Antingen eller. 

If you do so. — If you chose to do so. 
Om behaga 1. 

I will either send it or bring it with rtiyself* 
antingen s kick a eller tag a 

He wished to do it, but he could not* 

bnska 1. men ej,icke. 

She is as amiable as her sister. 
lika alskvard som syster* 

He is not so tall as his brother. 
lang bror. 

Thou art wiser than me. 
vis an 

They loved him more than me. 
mer 



113 



ON THE INTERJECTIONS. 



O divine religion ! how sweet are thy promises. 
O guddomlig huru ljuf lofte 4. 

Woe unto him who loves not God. 
We den Gud. 

Alas ! how short is our life. 

Ack kort 

Ah, rogue ! I have caught thee. 

Ha ! skur ffifak, fatt 

Oh ! 1 have lost a friend and a protector. 

O forlorn 1. beskyddare m. 



Anecdote. 
Anekdot m. 



A chymist, having dedicated a book to Leo the 
kemist dedicera 1. 

tenth, wherein he pretented to teach a method 

pasta sig Vara metodm.sattn. 
of making gold, expected to receive a magnificent 

guld vanta 1. fa prciktig 

present from the same. The Pope, however, sent 
skankm. Pafve likval skickal, 

him only a great empty purse with this compliment : 
blott stor torn pung m. kompliment m. 

that since he knew how to make gold, he 

emedan forsta, forstod 
wanted nothing but a purse to put it in. 

behofva2. ingenting l&gga 



114 

A Bishop was consumed with desire of being 
Biskopp fortdras 2. af begdr 
made a Cardinal. He envied the good health of 

Kardinal afundas 1. helsaf. 

one of his servants, and said : how do you 

tjenare saga, sade 

manage to be always well, while I am 

b'dra sig at da or medan 

always ill ? The servant answered : my Lord, the 

sjuk svara 1. 

reason is this, that you have always a hat in your 
orsak m. halt m. uti 

head, and I have always my head in a hat. 
hufvudn. 



During a war with France, Lord Howe was 
Under hrig n. Frankrike 

suddenly awakened from his sleep by an Officer, 
hastigt vackt somn m. Officer m. 

who told him the ship was on fire close to 

saga, sade skepp n. i brand tdtt intill 

the powder-room. His Lordship coolly replied : 

krutkammare m. Lord kallt svara 1. 

" If it is so, Sir, we shall very soon know it." Some 

Om Herre snartfaveta 

minutes afterwards, the Lieutenant returned, 
minut3. efter Lbjtnant komma tillbaka 

and told his Lordship, he had no occasion to be 

ej behofva 2. 
afraid, for the fire was extinguished. " Afraid ?" 
rddd ty sldckaS. 



115 
answered Lord Howe hastily ; "what do you mean 

svara hastigt menu 1. 

by that, Sir ? I never was afraid in my life." 
med lif n. 



Zeno the Philosopher, thus addressed a 

Filosof salunda tilltala^ 1. 
garrulous youth : " Nature gave us two ears 
pratsjuk yngling m. Natur 9 def. gifva oral* 

and one mouth, that we might hear much, and talk 
mun m. hora tola 

little. 

When Xerxes, at the head of an army, incredibly 
Da^ncir i snetsenfor armem. otroligt 

numerous, invaded Greece, he was greatly surprised 

talrik infalla i storligen forvanad 

to find Leonid as, with only three hundred Spartans, 

Jinna blott Spartan 3. 

prepared to dispute his passage at Thermo- 

fdrdig bestrida marsch, genomtag vid 
pylae pass, and sent him orders to deliver 

streights bef alining or ordres lemna 

up his arms. To which command Leonid as 

if ran sig sin wapen w, 5. bef alining m. 

gave the following short but rosolute 

gifva,gaf foljande Icort men resokerad, frimodtg 
answer: come and take them. 

svar n. komma, kom taga, tog 



When Cjesar conquered Pharnaces at the firs* 

i 



116 

onsett, he sent this laconic letter 

anfalln. skicka J. lakonisk, faordig brefn. 

to a friend : I came, I saw, I conquered, 
se,sag segral. 



Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, 
once wrote to the Lacedaemonians in the 

en gang skrifva^skref pa 

following manner : " If I enter your territories, 
sdtt n. betrdda % omrhdt w, 4. 

I will destroy every thing with fire and sword." To 
forstora eld svdrd. Pa 

this terrible menace the Lacedaemonians an- 

forskrdcklig hotelse m. 
swered only by the word "if." 
med ord n. om. 



The Calif Hegi age, who by his cruelties 

Kalif grymhet m* 3. 

had rendered himself the horror of his subjects, 

gjora fasa f. underrate #?, 3. 

met one day, on a journey, an Arabian of the 
mbta 3. resa f. Arab 

desert, and asked him among other things, 

ocken m.odemark m. fraga 1 . ibland 
what sort of a man the Calif was, of whom so much 
head slags om mycket 

was said. " He is no man," replied the 

sagas infalla, info 11 

Arabian, "but a monster." — " Of what do they 
vildjur n. man 



117 

accuse him ?" said the Calif— " Of the most inhuman 
anklaga 1. omensklig 

barbarities," replied the Arabian. "Have you ever 
grj/mhet m. svaral. dunagonsin 

seen him?" demanded Hegiage. "No," 

se, sag, sett fi&ga> 1« we/ 

answered the other, " Look at him now," said the 

andra. Betrakta 1. nu 
Calif: "it is to him you speak." The Arabian, 

med talal. 

without betraying the least surprise, fixed 

utan att rpja minst bestortningm. fasta I. 

his eyes upon him saying : u And you, Sir, do 

oga, pi. ogon 
you know who I am ? — "No," replied the Calif.— 

veta hvem 
" I am of the family of Zobair," 

famifj m* or sldgt m. 
said the Arabian , " all whose descendants are 

afkomling 2. 
infected with madness one day in the 

smittad, behaftad galenskap om 

year ; and this is my mad day." 
ar n. 



Augustus, who was prone to anger, got 

bend gen vrede fa, fick 

the following lesson from Athenodorus, the Philo- 

lexaf. 
pher, that so soon as he should feel the first 
snart som kanna 



118 
emotions towards anger, he should repeat all the 
r or else 3. till upprepa 

letters of the alphabet. 

bokstafy\A. bokstafver alfabetn. 



The Duke de Montmorenci, playing one day at 
Her tig spela 1. 

hazard, won a considerable sum of 

hasard vinna, vann. ansenlig summaf. 

money. A Gentleman, standing near him, 

penningar. Herre sta, stod bredvid 

said to his friend : "That sum would pay all my 

van betala 

debts and make me happy/' — " Would it so, Sir?" 
skuld3. gbra Ij/cklig. 

replied the Duke, " take it then, I only wish that 

taga,tog da bnskal. 

it were more." As the Duke was walking one day 

spatsera 1. 
in the fields near Toulouse with another 
pa fiilt #, 5. en annan 

Nobleman, their discourse turned upon the happiness 
Adelsman samtal falla 9 fbll sallhet 

of men in different situations, 

menniska 1. sarskilt tillstand np.belagenhet m } 3. 
and whether those were most happy who lived in 

anting en de lycklig lefva2. 

a high, or those who lived in a low station ? " Ho P 

hog tag stand #, 5. HaJ 

says the Duke, on observing three or four pea- 
da observer a 1. bon- 



119 

sants, who were making their frugal meal 

de^ pi. bonder gbra tarflig maltidm,3. 

under a tree, these men shall settle the 

under trcidn^b. man, man afgora 

point for us. He comes up to them, and 

sak m^ 3. ga, gick fram 

accosting in his usual gracious manner, says : 

tilllala 1. pa vanlig nadig, artig scitt n,5. 
a My friends, are you happy ?" three of them told 

sciga,sade 
him, " that confining their happiness to a few 

inskranka 3. nagrafa 

acres, which they had received from 

tunnlandn, 5. fa, fatt 9 Jick 

their ancestors, they desired nothing further." The 

fir fader begara 2. ingentingvidare 

* fourth said: u that all he wished was 

allt head bnska 1 . 

to be able to regain the possession of his 

blifva i stand at erf a besittning m. 

patrimony, which had passed into 

faderne-arf n. komma^ kom, kommit Uti 

other hands, by the misfortunes of his family." 

hand , pi. hlinder olj/cka 1. slagt n. 

" Well then, my friend, if you had it again, do you 

Va Ian ! igen 

think that you should be happy ?"— " As happy, my 
tanka3. Sa 

Lard Duke, I think, as a man can possibly be 

menniska f. mbjligtvis 



120 

in this world. w What would it cost you to recover 
verldm,3. Iwstal. aterfa 

it?" "Two thousand livres, Sir."— " Well then/' 
said the Duke, turning to one of his attendants, 

vanda 2. svit m. 

present him with that money, that I may say I have 
skanka 3. 

had the satisfaction to-day of making a person 

tillffedsstallelsem. i dag person m. 

happy." 



Generous Revenge. 

adel, ddelmodig hamdm. 

At the period when the Republic Genoa 

Vid period m. Republik m. Genua 

was divided between the factions of the Nobles 

delady sondrad parting. Adel m. 

and the people, Uberto, of low origin, but of an 

folk n. lag harkomst m. 

elevated mind and superior ta- 

upphojdy stor sjdl m. sinne n. ofverlagsen ta» 

lents, and enriched by commerce, having raised 
lang 3. n% riktad handel m. upplyfta 3. 

himself to be the head of she popular party, 

hufvudman m. folk-parti n. 

maintained for a considerable time a democratical 
xidmakthalla-holl betydlig tidm. demokratisk 
form of government. 
regeringsform m. 



121 

The Nobles at length, uniting all their efforts, 

sluteligen forena sin atgard 3. 

succeeded in subverting this state 

lyckas 1. bfverandakastal. tillstandn.ordningm. 
of things, and regained their former 

ting /?, 5. atervinna-vann sin forra 

supremacy. They used their victory with considerable 
ofvervalde n. sin seger m. mycken 

rigour, and, in particular, having imprisoned 
stranghet m. isynnerhet arrester a 1. 

TJberto, proceeded against him as a traitor, and 
fbrfara, fbrfor med fbrradarem. 

thought they displayed sufficient lenity in 

tycka3. visa 1. tillracklig mildhet f. 

sentencing him to a perpetual banishment and 

- dbmma 2. stdndig landsfbrvisning m. 

the confiscation of his property. Adorno, who 
■>•.. konfiskering m. egehdomm. 

was then the first Magistrate, a man of a haughty 
Magistratsperson h bgdragen 

temper, and proud of ancient nobility, 

li/nnen. stolt ofver gammal adelskap n. anor 
though otherwise not void of generous sentiments, 
ehuru eljest utan ddel tankesatt n, 5. 

in pronouncing this sentence on Uberto, aggra- 
vid afkunnande af domm. oka 1. 

I vated its severity by the insolent terms in which 

hardhet trotsig ordalag n, 5. 

i he conveyed it. "You," said he, u you the 

meddcla 1. afsaga 

G 



122 

son of a base mechanic, who have dared to 

ffig* gem en handfoerkare vaga 1. 

trample upon the Nobles of Genoa, you are, by their 
trampa 

clemency, only doomed to return into the no- 
mildhetf. endast domd atervanda in- 

thing whence you sprung." 

te n. uppkomma, — horn, hdrstamma 1. 

Uberto received his condemnation with 

emottaga-tog dom 

respectful submission to the Court, yet, 

vordnadsfull undergifvenhet f for Domstol m. 
stung by the manner in which it was expressed, he 
sarad sati n. pa uttryckt 

could not forbear saying to Adorno, < b thathe 

afhalla sig if ran 
might hereafter find cause to repent the language 
framdeles fa skaln,5. angra spralc, n. 

he had used to a man of sentiments as ele- 
nyttja 1. emot likaupp- 

vated as his ow r n." He then made his obeisance 
hojd som egen bugning m. 

and retired. Having taken leave of his 

ga sin vag. taga tog, iagit afsked n. 

friends, he embarked in a vessel bound for 
ga om bord pa skepp n. destinerad till 
Naples, and quitted his native land without a tear. 
Neapel lemma 1. fadernesland utan tar m. 
He collected some debts due to him in the 

samla 1 fordring m, 2. 



123 

Neapolitan dominions, and went to settle on 
Neapelsk omrade n, 4. sdtta sig ner 

one of the islands in the Archipelago, belonging to 

0, bar m, Arkipelag m. hbrande 

the state of Venice. Through his industry he here 

Venetianska staten* industri in. 

acquired, in the course of a few years, greater 

fbrvdrfva sig under (loppet af) fa ur w, 5. 
wealth than he bad possessed at Genoa, and his 
rikedom m. aga 2. 

reputation for honour and generosity equalled 
rj/kte, anseende heder adelmod svara l.emot 

his fortune. 
fbrmbgenhet. 

Among other places which he frequently visited 
Ibland plats 3. ofta besbka 3. 

as a merchant was Tunis, at that time in friendship 
handlande tid m. vanskap m. 

with the Venetians, though hostile to most 

Venetianare jiendtlig cmot de Jleste 

other Italian states, and especially to Genoa. As 

Italiensk isynnerhet 

Uberto was on & visit to one of the first men 

besbk n. hos 
of that place at his country-house, he saw a Christian 
landt-egendom Kristen 

slave at work in irons, whose appearance excited 
slafm. pa arbete boja 1. utseende vacka 3. 

his attention. The youth seemed 

uppmarksamhet. yngling synas, tyckas 3, 

G2 



124 

oppressed with labour to which his delicate 

ofvervaldigad af arbete n. spenslig 

frame had not been accustomed, and while he 

kroppsbt/ggnad m. vand 

leaned, at intervals, upon the instrument with which 

luta sig 1. emellanat xerktyg n. 

he was working, a sigh burst from his 

arbeta \ . such m. utbrista^ — brast 
full heart, and a tear stole down his 

hjerta n. smyga, smog sig utfdr 

cheek. Uberto eyed him with tender com- 
kind betrakta 1. dm med- 

passion, and addressed him in Italian. The youth 
lidande n. tilltala l. pa Italienska 

caught eagerly the sounds of his native 

lyssna till 1. begdrligt Ijudn^b. moders- 

tongue, and replying to his enquiries, informed him 
mal n. svara 1. pa f vagal, underratta 1. 

he was a Genoese. "And what is your name, young 

Genuesare ung 

man ?" said Uberto. " You need not be afraid of 

behbfva 2. add 

confessing to me your birth and condition/' — "Alas! 
tillsta for bord m* stand n. Ack ! 

he answered, I fear my captors suspect 

de som tagit mig misstanka 3. 
enough to demand a large ransom. My father is 

nog fordra stor I'd sen m. 

indeed one of the first men in Genoa. His name is 
verkeligen 



125 

Adorno and I am his only son." — " Adorno !" 

enda 
Uberto checked himself from uttering any thing 

hejda I. att yttra 

more aloud ; but to himself he cried : " thank 

hbgt for utropa 1. himlen 

heaven ! then shall 1 be nobly revenged. 

vare laf! blifva cidelt hamnad — fa hamd. 

He took leave of the youth, and went immediately 

genast 
to enquire after the Corsair Capain, who claimed a 

fraga Kap are -hapten pasta sig 

right to young Adorno, and having found 
aga rdtt till Jinn a , farm, funnit 

him, he demanded the price of his ransom. 

begdra fa vet a pris n. 

i He learned that he was considered 

erfara, erfor anses, ansags, ansedd 

as a capture of value, and that less than two thou- 
pris m. vdrde n. mindre 

1 sand crowns would not be accepted. Uberto paid 

krona 1. antagen 

\ the sum, and commanding his servant to follow him 

befalla 3. betjent m. folja 
with a horse and a complete suit of handsome 

hast m. full omgang vacker 

.apparel, he returned to the youth ; who was working 

kldder 
\ { as before, and told him he was free. With his own 
fbrut fri 



126 

hand he took off his fetters, helped him to change his 

af boja 1. hjelpaS. bmsa 

dress and mount on horseback. The youth was 
kinder stiga till hast 

tempted to think it all a dream, and his emotion 
frestad anse drbm m. rorelse 

almost deprived him of the power of returning 
nasi an berbfva 1. fbrmaga 1. fbrklara 

thanks to his generous benefactor. He was 

sin tacksamhet for valgorare. 

soon, however, convinced of the reality of his good 
snart likval bfverti/gad verklighetm. 

fortune by sharing the lodging and table of Uberto. 
tyckaf)\. dela 1. honing bord 

After a stay of some days at Tunis, to dispatch 

vistande n. nagon dag 2. expediera 

the remainder of his business, Uberto departed 

det ofriga affdrer resa 3. 

homewards, accompanied by young Adorno, who by 

htm atfoljd 

his pleasing manners had highly ingratiated himself 

behaglig fason 3. hbgeligen insinuera 1. 
with him. Uberto kept him some time at 
hos behalla, behbll nagon tid ?n> 

his house, treating him with all the respect and 

hus n. hembta 3. aktning m. 

affection he could have shewn to the son of his dear- 
karlek m. visa 1. mest 

est friend. At length, having a safe opportunity ot 
alskad sluteligen saker lagenhet m* 



127 

sending him to Genoa, he gave him a faithful servant 
skicka 1. trogen 

tor a conductor, provided him with every con- 
till ledsagare forse, for sag her 

venience, slipped a purse of gold into 

qvamlighet f3. sticka^stack penning-pung m. guld 
one hand and a letter into the other, and thus addressed 
hand m, tilltala 1. 

him : " My dear youth, I could with much pleasure 

a Is k ad gosse mycken noje n. 

detain you longer in my humble man- 

behalla : qvarhalla lange ringa y lag bo- 

sion, but I feel your impatience to re-visit your 
ning m. men otalighetf aterse 

friends, and I am sensible that it would be cruelty 
Jinna^veta vore grymhet 

to deprive them longer than necessary of the joy 

berofva 1. nodvdndig gl&dje m* 

they will receive in recovering you. Deign to 

erfara aterfa xardigas 

accept this provision for your voyage, and deliver 
emoitaga provision m. resaf. lemna I- 

this letter to your father. He probably may recol- 
bref n. sannolikt erindra 

lect somewhat of me, though you are too young to do 
sig nagot ehuru for 

so. Farewell! 1 shall not soon forget you, and I 

farval forgata 

hope you will not forget me." Adorno poured 
hop-pas utgjuta^ utgjbt 



out the feelings of a grateful and affectionate heart, 

kdnsla 1. tacksam tillgifven hjertan. 

and they parted with mutual tears and era- 

skiljas at 2. bmsesidig famn- 

braces. 

tag n, 5. 
The young man had a prosperous voyage home* 

lycklig res a f. hem 
and the transport with which he was received by 

fortjusning m. emottaga 

his parents may more easily be conceived than de- 
foraldrar kan latt tdnkas de- 

scribed, after learning that be had been a captive in 
skrifvas fa veta S^ n S e m * 

Tunis, for it was supposed that the ship in which 

ty formoda 1. pa 

he had sailed had foundered. " And to whom/' 

seglal. sjunka 

said old Adorno, " am 1 indebted for the inestimable 
liar jag att tacka ovarderlig 

benefit of seeing you restored to my arms." — 

valgerning m* at er stolid arm 2. 

iC This letter/' said his son, "will inform you." He 

underratta 1. 
opened, and read as follows : 
oppna 1 . lasa 3. folja 2. 

" That son of a vile mechanic, who told you that 
you a day might repent the scorn with which you 

torde angra 1. forakt n* 
treated him, has the satisfaction of seeing 

hehandla I. tillfredsstallelse m* 



129 

this prediction accomplished; for know 

spadom m.f'drutsugelse m. uppfylld veta 

proud Noble ! that the deliverer of your only son 
stolt (idling befriare 

from slavery is the banished Uberto. 
sfafveri n. lands forvist 

Adorno dropt the letter, and covered his face 

f alia 2. holja2. ansigte n. 

with his hand, while his son was extolling 

hand m. under det upphbja 2. 

l n the warmest language of gratitude the virtues 

varm sprak n. tacksamhet f. difgd o. 

of Uberto and the paternal kindness he had expe- 

faderlig bmhet f. erfara 

rienced from him. As the debt could not be 

sasom skidd m. 
cancelled, Adorno resolved, if possible., to 

utplana 1. besluta^ beslot mbjlig 

repay it. He interceded in such a powerful 
aterbetala intercedera 1. kraftig 

manner with the other Nobles, that the sentence 
satt n. hos (idling m. dom, m. 

of Uberto was reversed and full 

blifva aterkallad, upphafven full 

permission given him to return to 

tillatelse m. frihet m. gifven atervanda (ill 

Genoa. In apprizing him of this event, 

Da underattal. om handelse m. 
Adorno expressed his high obligation to him, 
uttrycka 3. stor fdrbindelse m. 



130 

acknowledged the genuine nobleness of his character^ 
trlcdnna 2. Met a adelhetf. karakter m. 

and requested his friendship. Uberto returned 

begara 2. vanskap m. atervanda 2. 

to his country, and closed his days in peace 

land n. sluta, slot lugn m. 

with the universal esteem of his fellow-citizens. 
allm&n aktning m. medborgare m P 5. 



A SHORT 

OF 

SUCH WORDS AS ARE IN COMMON USE. 

EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS AND FIGURES WHICH 
ARE PLACED BY THE WORDS. 

m. 1, 2, 3, signifies an Active Verb of the 1st, 2d, or 3d Conjugation, 
d. 1,2, 3, — a Demi Passive Verb of the 1st, 2d, or 3d Con- 
jugation. 

i. 1, 2, 3, 4, an Irregular Verb of the 1st, 2d, 3d, or 4th Class 

ad, — — :■— an Adjective, 

9t — A Noun used only in the Singular number. 

p. — a Noun used only in the Plural number. 

Nos. 1,2,3,4,5, when standing by Nouns, denote their different 

declensions. 
c, masculine or feminine; n, neuter. 

By referring to these abbreviations in the Grammar, the reader 
will easily discover, not only the gender of a noun, (whether he must 
wse en or ett, but also what termination he is to give it in the plural 
aumber. And in the same manner the inflections of the different 
verbs may be ascertained by comparing them with the paradigms. 



A. I am able, Jag dr i stfaid. 

Abate, Slaaf,* minska, a. 1 Abode, Boning, 2. 

Able, Skicklig, ad. i stand. Above, Ofver. 



* Att sla signifies to beat. It is an irregular Verb of the third class :■- 
Jag star, imperf. Jag slog, but instead of the participles slhtt, sladJ, 
iladty we use slagit, slagen, and slaget. 



132 



About, Omkring. 
Abroad, Ute, Utomlands, 
Absence, Franvaro, s. c. 
Absent, Franvarande, ad. 
Abuse, Missbruk 5. ovetl, s. n. 
Accept, Emottaga. i.2. 
Accident, Handelse, 3. 
Accuse, Anklaga, a. I, 
Ach, Vark, 2. Smarta, I. 
Acknowledge, Erkanna, a. 2. 
Acquaintance, Bekantskap, 3. 
Admittance, Tilltrade, 4. 
Admonish, Formana, a. 1 . 
Adorn, Pryda, a, 2. 
Advance, Forstracka, a. 3. 
Advantage, Forman, 3, 
Advice, Rad r 5. 
Affirm, Bekrafta, a. 1. 
Afflict, Bedrofva, a. 1. 
Afraid, Radd, ad. 
After, Efter. 
Again, Igen. 

o 

Age, Alder, 2. 
Agreable, Angenam, ad, 
Ague,. Frossa, 1. 
Aim, Syfte, 4. Afsigt, 3. 
Air, Luft, s. <r. 
Ale, 01, s. 7i. 
Alien, Utlanning, 2. 
Almost, Nastan. 
Alone, Allena. 
Also, Ocksa, Ock» 
Although, Ehuru. 
Altitude, Hojd, 3, 



Always, Alltid. 
Amiable, Alskvard, ads 
Amicably, Vanligt. 
Among, Bland, 
Amount, Belopp, 5. 
Anchor, Ankare, 5. n. 
Ancient, Gammal, ad. 
Angry, Vred, Ond, ad. 
Anker, Ankare, 5. c. 

o 

Annual Arlig, ad. 
Answer, Svar, 5. 
Answer, Svara, a. I. 
Ant, Myra, 1. 
Anxiety, Oro, s. c. 
Any, Nagon, pi. Nagra. 
Apology, Ursagt, 3. 
Apparel, Kladnad, 3. 
Appear, Synas, d. 3. 
Appearaace, Utseende, 4. 
Appetite, Matlust, s. c. 
Apple, Apple, 4. 

Appoint, Bestamma, a. 2. 
Appraise, Vardera, a. 1. 
Apprehension, Fruktan, s. 
Apprentice, Larling, 2. 
Approach, Nalkas, d. i. 
Approve, Gilla, a. 1. 

Arch, Bage, 2, 

Ardent, Ifrig, ad. 

Arm, Arm, 2. 

Arm, Bevapna, a. I. 

Armour, Rustning, 2. 

Around, Rundt omkring. 

Arrive, Ankomma ; i. 4> 



138 



Arrow, Pil, 2. 
Art, Konst, 3. 
Artist, Konstnar, 3, 
Ascend, Uppstiga, U 2. 
Ashes, Aska, s. c. 
Ask, Fraga, a. 1. 
Aspire, Efterstriifva, a. 1. 

o 

Ass, Asna, 1. 
Assassin, Lonnmordare, 5. 
Assert, Bekrafta, a. 1. 
Assist, Bista, i. 3. 
Assistance, Bistand, 5. 
As soon as, Sa snart som. 
Assure, Forsakra/ a. 1. 
Attachment, Tillgifvenhet. 
Attain, Uppna, a. 2. 
Attendant, Foljeslagare, 5. 
Attentive, Uppmarksam, ad. 
Attest, Betyga. a. 1. 
Attorney, Advokat, 3. 
Aught, Nagot. 
Aunt, Faster or Moster. 
Average, Haveri, 3. 
Avow, Tillsta, i. 3. 
Austral, Sydlig, ad. / 
Autumn, Host, 2. 
Awake, Vaken, ad. 
Awake, Vacka, a. 3 . 

B. 

Baby, Litet barn. 
Bachelor, Ungkarl, 2. 
Bacon, Flask, s, n% 
Bad, Elak, Dalig, ad. 
Bag, Sack, Pase, 2. 



Bail, Borgen, s. c. 

To Bail, Ga i borgen for. 

Baker, Bagare, 5. 

Ball, Boll, 2. Bal, 3. 

Banish, Forvisa, a. 3. 

Bar, Rigel, Disk, 2. 

Bargain, Kop, 5. 

Barge, Slup, 2. 

Barrel, Tunna. 

Base, Nedrig, ad. 1 . 

Basket, Korg, 2. 

Bay, Hafsvik, 2. 

Beam, Bjelke, Sparre, 2. 

Beard, Skagg, s. n. 

Beat, Sla, i. 2. 

Beauty, Skonhet, 3. 

Bee, Bi, 4. 

Beer, Dricka, s. n. 

Before, For, ForuU 

Beg, Begara. a. 2. 

Beggar, Tiggare, 5. 

Begin, Begynna, a. 3. 

Behaviour, Uppforande, «, u. 

Belief, Tro, *. c. 

Believe, Tro, a, 2. 

Bell, Klocka, 1. 

Belong, Hora-till. 

Below, Nedom, 

Bend, Boja, a. 2. 

Berry, Bar, 5. 

Bespeak, Bestalla, #♦ 2. 

Bet, Vad, 5. 

Between, Emellan* 

Bible, Bibel, 2. 

Big, Stor, Tjock, ad* 



134 



Bill, Rakning, Sedel, 2. 

Bill of fare, Matsedei, 2. 

Billow, Bolja, 1, 

Bind, Binda, i. 2. 

Bird, Fagel, 2. 

Black, Svart, ad. 

Blanket, Filt, 2. 

Bleed, Bloda, a. 2, 

Bless, Valsigna, a, 1 . 

Bliss, Sallhet, 3. 

Blood, Blodj s, c. 

Blow, Slag, Hugg, 5. 

Blow, Blasa, a. 3. 

Blue, Bla, ad. 

Boast, Skryta, i. 2. 

Body, Kropp, 2. 

Boil,Koka, a. 1. 

Bolt, Rigel, Bomm, 21 

Bonnet, Mossa, 1. 

Bore, Nafrare, 5. 

Borrow, Lana. a, 1.3. 

Boundary, Grans, 3. 

Bounty, Frikostighet, *♦ m. 

Box, Ask, 2, Lada, 1. 

Boy, Gosse, Pojke, 2. 

Brain, Hjerna, 1. 

Brandy, Cogninc, s. c, Brannvin, 

s.c 
Bread, Brod, 5. 
Break, Bryta, i. 2. 
Breakfast, Frukost, 2. 
Breeches, Boxor, p. 
Brick, Tegel, 5. 
Bride, Brud, 2. 
Bridge, Bro, 2/ 



Bridle, T5m, Tygel, 2. 
Bring, Bringa, u 4. 
Brisk, Frisk, liflig, ad. 
Broad, Bred, ad. 
Broker, Makiare, 5. 
Brook, Back, 2. 
Brown, Brun, ad, 
Brush, Borste, 2. 
Buckle, Spanne, 4. 
Bundle, Bunt, 2. 
Buoy, Ankarboj. 2. 
Burden, Borda, 1. 
Burial, Begrafning, 2, 
Burn, Brinna, i. 1. 
Burn, Branna, a. 2. 
Bush, Buske, 2. 
Butter, Sm5r, *. n. 
Buy, Kopa, a. 3. 
By, Vid, Genom, Af. 
By-and-by, Rattnu. 

C. 

Cabin, Kajuta, 1. 
Cable, Ankartag, 5, 
Cage, Bur, Fagel bur, 2. 
Calf, Kalf, 2. Vad, 1, 
Call, Ropa, Kalla, a. I. 
Calling, Embete, 4. Kail, 5. 
Calm, Lugn, Stilla, ad, 
Candle, Ljus, 5, 
Candlestick, Ljusstake, 2. 
Cap, Mossa, 1. 
Capacity, Skicklighet, 3. 
Capital, Hufvudstad, 3* Kapi- 
tal, 5. 



135 



Captain, Kapten, 3. 

Captive, Fange, 2. 

Card, Kort, 5, Karda, 1 . 

Care, Omsorg, 3. 

Careful, Aktsam, ad. 

Carpet, Golfmatta, L 

Carrot, Morot, 3. 

Cart, K&rra, 1. 

Cash, Kassa, Kontanta pennin- 

gar. 
Castle, Slott, 5. 
Cave, Hala, 1. Grop, 2. 
Cause, Orsak, 3. 
Cautious, Forsigtig, ad. 
Cease, Upphora, a. 2. 
Certain, Viss, aa\ 
Certainly, Visserligen. 
Certainty, Visshet, s. c 
Chace, Jagt, 3. 
Chair, Stol, 2. 
Chalk, Krita, s. c, 
Chamber, Kammare, 5. 
Chance, Handelse, 3, 
Change, Vexel, 2. 
Change, Vexla, a. 1. 
Channel, Kanal, 3. 
Charcoal, Kol, 5. 
Charm, Intaga, i. 2. 
Chaste, Kysk, ad. 
Cheap, Billig, ad. 
Chearful, Munter, ad. 
Cheat r Bedrageri, 3. 
Cheese, Ost, 2. 
Cherry, K5rsbar, 5. 



Chew, Tugga, a* \ 4 

Chicken, Kyckling, 2. 

Child, Barn, 5, 

Chill, Kyla, s. c, 

Chimney, Spis, Skorsten, 2. 

Choice, Val, 5. 

Choose Valja, a. 2. 

Do you choose ? BefalUr ffiy 

Bekagar Ni. 
Christmas, Jul. 2. 
Church, Kyrka, 1, 
Cinnamon, Kanel, s. c. 
Circle, Cirkel, % 
Circumstance, Oiu stand ighety 3, 
Citizen, Borgare, 5. 
City, Stad, 3,. 
Civil, Hoflig, ad. 
Claim, Ansprak, 5, 
Claw, Klo, 3, 
Clean, Ren, ad. 
Clear, Klar, ad. 
Cloak, Kappa, 1. 
Clock, Klocka, 1. Ui> 5 
Close, Sluta, Afsluta, «. 1 
Cloth, Klade, 4. 
Clothes, Klader, p. 
Cloud, Moln, 5. 
Coach, Vagn, 2. 
Coachman, Kusk, 2. 
Coal, Stenkol, 5. 
Coarse, Grof, a4. 
Coast, Kust, 3, 
Coat, Rock, 2. 
Coin, Mynt, 5. 



136 



Cold, Kail, ad, Ko!d, s. c 

Get a cold, F& en forkylning, 

Forkyla sig. 
Colour, Farg, 3. 
Colours, Flagga, Fana, 1. 
Comb, Kam, 2. 
Come, Komma, i. 4. 
Comfort, Trost, s. c. 
Common, Allmanning, 2. 
Common, Allman, ad. 
Company, Salhkap, 5. 
Compass, Kompass, s. c. 
Compassion, Medlidande, 4. 
Compel, Tvinga, i. 1. 
Competency, Utkomst, s. c. 
Conceal, Fordolja, a. 2. 
Conduct, Uppforande, s. n. 
Confidence, Fortroende, 4. 
Congregation, Forsamling, 2. 
Conquest, Erofring, 2. 
Conscience, Samvete, 4. 
Consent, Bifall, 5, 
Consist, Besta, i. 3. 
Consult, Radfraga, a. I. 
Consume, Fortara, a. 2. 
Contain, Innehalla, i. 2, 
Continent, Fast land. 
Contrive, Utfinna, i. 1. laga sa, 1. 
Convict, Ofverbevisa, a. 3. 
Copper, Koppar, s. c. 
Corn, Korn, 5. Liktorn, 2. 
Corner, Horn, 5. 
Cost, Kosta, a, 1 Kostnad, 3. 
Count, Rakna, <7. 1. 



r Land, pi. Lander. 

1 Fadernesland, s, n. 
Country. J Fosterland, s. >u 

i Fosterjord, s. c. 

V.Fosterbygd, s. e. 
Couple, Ett par. 
Cow, Ko, 3. 

Cow pock, Skydds-koppor, p. 
Crack, Knappa, a. 3. 
Cream, Gradde, s. c. 
Creator, Skapare. 
Creature, Kreatur, 5. 
Creep, Krypa, Smyga, *'. 2. 
Crew, Besattning, 2, 
Crowd, Folkhop, 2. 
Cruel, Grym, ad. 
Cruelty, Grymhet, 3. 
Cruise, Kryssa, a. I. 
Crush, Krossa, a. 1. 
Crust, Skorpa, 1. 
Cry, Ropa, a. 1, Grata, i. 2* 
Cunning, Listig, ad. 
Cup, Kopp, 2. 
Curt', Kur, 3. 
Currants, Vinbar, 5. 
Curtain, Gardin, 3. 
Custom, Vana, 1. Tull, 2. 
Customhouse, Tullhus, 5. 
Cut, Skara, i. 1. 

D. 

Daily, Daglig, ad. Dagligen, 
Damage Skada, a. 1. 
Damp, Fuktig, ad. 



137 



Danger, Fara, 1. 
Dare, Vaga, a. 1. 
Dark, Mork, ad. 
Dawn, Dagas, d. 1. 
Day, Dag, 2. 
Dead, Dod, ad. 
Deaf, Dof, ad. 
Deal, Briide, 4. Del, 2. 
Deal, Dela, a. I. 
Dear, Dyr, ad. 
Death, Dod, 2. 
Debt, Skuld, 3. 
Deceit, Bedrageri, 3, 
Deceive, Bedraga, z. 2. 
Decent, Anstandig, ad. 
Decide, Afgora, a. 2. 
Deck, Diick 5. 
Declare, Forklara, a. 1. 
Decline, Afboja, a. 2. 
Decree, Beslut, 5. 
Deduct, Afdraga, t, 2. 
Deem, Doma, a, 2. 
Deep, Djup, ad. 
Deer, Hjort, 2. 
Defect, Fel, 5. Brist, 3. 
Defence, Forsvar, 5. 
Defend, Forsvara, a. 1. 
Defer, Uppskjuta, i. 2. 
Defray, Betala, a. 3. 
Defy, Trotsa, a, I, 
Degree, Grad, 3. 
Delay, Droja, a. 2. 
Delight, Fornojelse, 3. 
Deliver, Befria, a. 1, 



Demand, Pastaende, 4. 
Demand, Fordra, a. i- 
Deny, Neka, a. 1 . 
Depend, Lita (pa), a. I. 
Depth, Djup, 5. 
Desart, Odemark, 3. 
Descend, Nedstiga, f. 2. 
Deserve, Fortjena, a. 3. 
Design, Afsigt, 3. 

o 

Desire, Astundan, s. c. 
Destiny, Bestammelse. 
Destroy, Forstora, a. 2. 
Detain, Qvarhalla, i. 2. 
Detect, Upptacka, a. 3. 
Determination, Beslut, 5. 
Detest, Afsky, a. 2. 
Devotion, Andakt, s. c» 
Dew, Dagg, *, c 
Dial, Solvisare, 5. 
Die, Do, i. 3. 
Direct, Stalla, a. 2. 
Dirt, Smuts, s. c. 
Discharge, Afskeda, a. I* 
Disease, Sjukdom, 2. 
Displease, Misshaga, a \. 
Distance, Afstand, 5. 
Distant, Afliigsen, ad t 
Distress, Nod, s. c. 
Disturb, Oroa. a. j. 
Ditch, Dike, 4. 
Dive, Dyka, a. 1 . 
Divide, Dela, a. 1. 3, 
Divine, Guddomlig, art, 
Do, Gora, a. 2, 



138 



Dog, Hand, 2. 
Door, Dorr, 2. 
Down, Dun, 5. Ned, adv. 
Dram, Qvintin, 5. Sup. 2. 
Draught, Dryck, 3. 
Draw, Draga, i. 2. 
Dreadful, Forskracklig, ad, 
Dream, Drom, 2. 
Dress/ Klada, a. 2. 
Dress, Kladnad, 3. 
Drink, Dricka, i. L 
Droll, Lojlig, ad. 
Drum, Trumma, I. 
Drunk, Drucken, ad. 
Dry, Torr, ad. Torka, a< 1. 
Duck, And, pi. Ander. 
Duke, Hertig, 2. 
Dusk, Skymning, s. c* 
Dust, Stoft, Danim, $. n. 
Dusty, Dammig, ad. 
Duty, Skyldigbet,3. 
Dwell, Bo, c 2. 
Dye, Farg, 3. 



Each, Hvarje. 
Ear, Ora, pi. Oron. 
Early, Tidigt. 
Earn, Fortjena, a. 1, 
Earnest, Alfvar, s. n. 
Earth, Jord, s. c. 
Earthenware, Ler-karl, 5. 
Ease, Latta, Lindra, a, 1. 
Easy, Latt, ad. 



Eat, Ata, imperf. At. 
Eclipse, Formorkelse, 3. 
Eel, Al, 2. 
Egg, Agg, 5. 
Elbow, Armbage, 2. 
Elk, Elg, 2. 
Eloquent, Valtalig, ad. 
Else, Annars. 

Emancipation, Frigureise, 3. 
Embark, Ga om bord. 
Emetic, Krakmedel, 5. 
Eminence, Hojd, Hoghet, 3. 
Emperor, Kejsare, 5. 
Empty, Tom, ad. Toma, a, 2. 
Enable, Satta i stand. 
End, Slut, Andamal, 5. 
Endless, Oandelig, ad. 
Engine, Spruta, 1. 
Enjoyment, Njutning, 2, 
Ensign, Fandrick, 2. 
Ensure, Assekurera, a. 1, 
Enter, Ga in. 
Entry, FSrstuga, 1. 
Equinox, Dagjemning, 2. 
Evade, Undfly, a. 2. 
Even, Afven; 
Evening, Afton, 2. 
Event, Handelse, 3. 
Ever, Alltid. 
Evil, Ond, ad. 
Exalted, Upphojd, ad. 
Excell, Ofvertraffa, a. I. 
Except, Undantaga, s. 2. 
Exception, Undantag, 5, 



139 



Exchange, Bors, 3. 
Exchequer, Rantkammare, 5. 
Excite, Uppvacka, a. 3. 
Exclude, Utsluta. s. 2. 
Excuse, Ursiikt, 3» 
Exertion, Beinodande, 4. 
Exhort, Uppmuntra, a. 1. 
Exorbitant, OfVerdrifven, ad. 
Expect, Vanta, a. 1. 
Expectation, Vantan, s. c. 
Expedient, Utvag, 2. 
Explain, F6rklara> a. 1. 
Expose, Utsatta, s. 4. 
Express, Uttrycka, a. 3. 
Extend, Utstracka, a, 3. 
External, Utvertes. 
Extinguish, Utslacka, a. 3* 
Extract, Utdraga, s. 2. 
Extremely, Ganska, h5gst. 
Extricate, Utveckla, a. 1 . 
Eye, Oga, pi. Ogon* 
Eyebrow, Ogonbryn, 5. 
Eyelid, Ogonlock. 

F. 

Face, Ansigte, 4. 
Fact, Verk, 5. Gerning, 2. 
Fade, Forvissna, a. 1. 
Fagot, Ris-knippa, 1. 
Faint, Svag, Matt, ad. 
Fair, Vacker* Tack, ad. 
Fair, Marknad, 3. 
Faith, Tro, s. c. L&ra, 1, 
Faithful, Trogen, ad. 



Fall, Fall, 5. Falla, 2. i. 

False, Falsk, ad. 

Fame, Rykte, 4. 

Famine, Hungersnod, s. c. 

Famous/ Ryktbar, ad. 

Fancy, Tycke, 4. 

Far, langt ; how far ? hur langt . 

Farm, Arende-jord. 

Farrier, Hof-slagare, 5. 

Farther, Langre, 

Fast, Fort. 

Fat, Fet, od. 

Fate, Ode, 4. 

Father, Fader, pL Fader, 

Fathom, Famn, 2. 

Fault, Fel, 5. 

Fear, Fruktan, s. c, 

Feather, Fjader, 2. 

Fee, Lon, 3, Arfvode, 4. 

Fees, Driks-pengar. 

Feel, Kanna, a, 2. 

Feeling, Kansla, 1. 

Fellon, Missdadare,5. 

Ferry, Farja, 1, Farja, a. 1, 

Fertile, Fruktbar, ad. 

Fetch, Hamta, a. 1. 

Fetters, Fjettrar, p. 

Fever, Feber, 2. 

Few, Fa. comp. Fiirre. 

Fickle, Ostadig, ad. 

Field, Fait, 5. Mark, 3. 

Fig, Fikon, 5. 

Fight, Batalj, 3. 

Fight, Strida, a. 2. Slass. 

Fill, Fylla, a. 2. 



140 



Final, Slutlig, ad. 

Fine, Fin, Skon, ad. 

Finger, Finger, 2. 

Finish, Sluta, a. 1 . 

Fir, Furutrad, 5. Tall, 2. 

Fire, Eld, 2. 

Fireside, Brasa, 1. 

Fish, Fisk, 2.Fiska, a. 1. 

Fit, Passande, Beqvam, ad. 

Fix, Fasta, a. 1, 

Flame, Laga, l« 

Flannel, Flanell, 3. 

Flap, Uppslag, 5. 

Flat, Flat, Piatt, Slat, ad. 

Flax, Lin, s. n. 

Flea, Loppa, 1. 

Fleet, Flotta, I. 

Flesh, Kott, s. n. 

Flexible, Bdjlig, ad. 

Flight, Flygt, s. c. 

Fling, Kasta, a. 1. 

Float, Flyta, i. 2. Drifta, a. 1. 

Flog, Piska, a, I. 

Flood, Flod, 3. 

Floor, Golf, 5. 

Flour, Mjol, s. n. 

Flow, Flyta, i. 2 Rinna, i. 1. 

Flower, Blonima, 1. 

Fly, Fluga, 1. 

Fly, Fly, a. 2. Flyga, i, 2. 

Fog, Dimtna, 1 . 

Fold, Lagga (/. 4.) ihop. 

Follow, Folja, a. 2. 

Folly, Darskap, 3. 



Food, Mat, Foda, s. c. 
Fool, Narr, Tok, 2. . 
Foot, Fot, pi. Fotter, 3. 
Forbid, Forbjuda, i. 2. 
Forehead, Panna, 1. 
Foreigner, Utlanning, 2. 
Forfeit, Forverka, a. 1. 
Forge, Sraedja, 1. Smida, a. 2. 
Forgery, Forfalskning, 2. 
Forget, Forgata, i. 2. Glorama. 
Forgive, Forlata, i. 2. 
Fort, Skans, Fastning, 2. 
Fortune, Lycka, Rikedom, 2. 
Foul, Ful, Skamlig, ad. 
Foundation, Grundval, 2. 
Foundling, Hittebarn, 5. 
Fountain, Kalla, 1. 
Fowl, Hona, 1. 
Fox, Raf, 2. 

Freight, Frakt, 3, Laddning, 2. 
Freight, Frakta, a. 1. 
Frame, Ram, 2. 
France, Frankrike. 
Fraternity, Broderskap, 5. 
Fraud, Svek, 5. Bedrageri, 3. 
Free, Fri, ad. 
Freeze, Frysa, i. 2. 
Frequent, Vanlig, ad. 
Frequent, Besoka, a. 3. 
Fresh, Farsk, Ny, ad. 
Friend, Van, 3. Qvakare, 5. 
Friendship, Vanskap, $. c. 
Fright, Forskriickelse, s. c. 
Fright, FSrskracka, a. 3, 



141 



Fringe, Frans, 2. 
Frog, Groda, 1- 
From, Fran. 
Frugal, Sparsam, ad. 
Fruit, Frukt, 3. 
Fry, Steka {a. 3.) i panna. 
Frying pan, Stekpanna, 1. 
Fulfil, Fullgora, a. 2. 
Fully, Fullkomligen. 

o 

Fume, Anga, 1. 
Fun, Skamt, 5. Lek, 2. 
Funeral, Likfard, 3. 
Furious, Rasande, ad. 
Furnace^gn, Masugn. 2. 
Furnish, Forskaffa, a. 1 . 
Fur, Pelsverk, 5. 
Further, Vidare. 
Further, Befordra, a. 1, 
Future, Tillkommande, ad. 

G. 

Gain, Vinst, 3. Vinna, t. 1. 
Gale, Blast, s. c. 
Gall, Galla, s. c. 
Gallows, Galge, 2. 
Game, Spel, 5. 
Game, (Birds) Vildt, s. c. 
Garden, Tragard, 2. 
Garment, Kladning, 2. 
Garret, Vinds-kammare, 5. 
Garrison, Garnison, 3. 
Garter, Strump-band, 5. 
Gate, Port, Jngang, 2. 
Gather, Samla, a. 1 . 



Gay, Glad, Munter, ad. 

Generous, Adelmodig, ad. 

Gently, Sakta- 

Genuine, Oforfalskad, ad. 

German, Tysk, ad. 

Ghost, Ande, 2. 

Holy Ghost, Den Helige Ande. 

Giddy, Yr, ad, 

Gift, Gafva, 1. 

Gilt, Forgyld, ad. 

Ginger, Jngefara, s. c. 

Girdle, Gordel, 2. 

Girl, Flicka, 1. 

Give, Gifva imp. Gaf. per. Gifrit 

Glass, Glas, 5. 

Glaze , Glasera, a. 1. 

Gloomy, Mork, Dyster, ad. 

Glory, Ara, s. c. Pris, s. n. 

Gloss, Glans, s. c. 

Glove, Handske, 2. 
Glue, Lim, s. n. 

Gnatt, Mygg, 3. 

Goal, Fangelse, 3. 

God, Gud, 2. 

Gold, Guld, s. n. 

Good, God, ad. 

Goods, Gods, s. n. Egendom, 2. 

Goose, Gas, pi. Gass. 

Gooseberry, Krusbar, 5, 

Gospel, Evangelium. 

Gout, Gikt, s c. 

Gown, Kladning, 2. 

Night Gown, Nattreck, 2« 

Grace, Nad, *. c. Bon, 3. 



142 



Grain, Korn, 5. 

Grape, Vindrufva, 1. 

Grasp, Gripa, i. 2. 

Grass, Gras, s. n. 

Grater, Refjern, b. Rasp, 2. 

Grave, Graf, 2 

Grave, Alfvarsam, ad. 

Gravel, Grus, Krappelsten, 2. 

Gravy, Steksaft, 3. 

Grease, Smorja, 1. Fett, s. n. 

Great, Stor, comp. Stdrre. 

Greedy, Snal, Sniken, ad. 

Green, Gron, ad. 

Greens, Gronsaker, p. 

Grey, Gra, ad. 

Grief, Sorg, 3. Oro, s. c. 

Grieve, Sorja, a. 2. 

Groan, Sucka, Pusta, a. 1. 

Grocer, Kryddkramare, 5. 

Groin, Ljumske, 2. 

Groom, Stalldrang, 2. 

Grow, Vexa, a. 3. Blifva. 

Gruel, Hafre-soppa, 1. 

Guard, Vakt,3, Vakta, a. 1. 

Guess, Gissa, a, 1. 

Guest, Gast, 3. 

Guide, Leda, a. 2. 

Guilt, Brott,5. 

Guilty, Brottslig, ad. 

Guittar, Cittra, 1. 

Gulf, Hafsvik, 2. Afgrund, 3. 

Gum, Kada, s. c. Gora, 2. 

Gums, Tandkott, 5. 

Gun, Bossa, 1. Kanon, 3. 



Gunpowder, Krut, s. n. 
Gypsy, Spakaring, 2. 

H. 

Habit, Vana, 1. Kladning, 2- 
Hackney Goacb, Hyrvagn, 2. 
Hail, Hagel, 5. 
Hair, Har, 5. 
Hall, Sal, 2. 
Ham, Skinka, 1 . 
Hand, Hand, pi. Hander. 
Handkerchief, Nasduk, 2. 
Handle, Skaft, 5. 
Handsome, Vacker, ad. 
Handspike, Batshake, 2. 
Hang, Hanga, a. 2. 
Hansel, HandsSl, s. n. 
Happen, Handa, Rika, a. L 
// happened, Det hdnde. 
I happen 'd, Jag rakade. 
Happy, Lycklig, Sail, ad. 
Happiness, Sallhet, 5. 
Harbour, Hamn, 2. 
Hard, Hard, Svar, ad. 
Harden, Harda, a. 1. 
Hardly, Svarligen, Knappt. 
Hardship, Svarighet, 3- 
Hare, Hare, 2. 

Harm, Harm, s. c. Oforriitt, 3. 
Harness, Sele, 2. 
Harrow, Harf, 2. 
Harvest, Skord, 2, 
Haste, Hast, $. c. 
Hat, Hatt,2. 



143 



Hate, Hat, s.n. hata, 1. 

Haugbty, Hogfardig, ad. 

Hawk, Hok, 2. 

Hay, Ho, s. w» 

Hazy, Tocknig, Fuktig, ad. 

Head, Hufvud, 5. 

Headach, Hufvudvark, s. n. 

Heal, Hela, Bota, a. 1. 

Health, Helsa, *. c. 

To your good health, Ska I ! 

Heap, Hop, 2. 

Hear, Hora, a. 2. 

Hearken, Lyssna, a. 1 . 

Heart, Hjerta, 4. 

Hearty, Frisk, Rask, ad. 

Heat, Hetta, j. c. 

Heare, Hiifva, a. 2. Lyfta, a. 1 . 

Heaven, Himmel, 2. 

Heavy, TuDg, Svar, crt\ 

Hedge, Hack, 2. 

Heedless, Vardslos, ad. 

Heel, Hal,Klack,2. 

Height, H6jd, 3, Topp, 2. 

Heir, Arfvinge, 2. 

Helm, Styre, 4.Roder, 5. 

Help, Hjelp, *. c. Hjelpa, a. 3. 

Hem, Fall, 2. Falla, 1. 

Hen, Hona, 1. 

Hence, Harifran. 

Heps, Nypon, 5. 

Herb, Ort, 3. 

Here, Har. 

Hero, Hjeltc, 2, 

Hide, Hud, 2. 



"Hide, Gomma, a. 2. 

High, Hog, ad. 

Kinder, Hindra, a. 1. 

Hint, Vink, 2. 

Hire, Hyra, 1. Hyra, a. 2. 

Hoarse, Hes, ad. 

Hog, Gait, 2. Svin, 5. 

Hoist, Hissa, a. 1. 

Hold, Faste,4. Halla, 5. 2. 

Hole, Hal, 5. Hala, 1. 

Holy, Helig, ad. 

Home, Hem. 5. 

At home, Hemma. 

Honest, Arlig, ad. 

Hoof, Kasthof, 2. 

Hook, Hake, Krok, 2. 

Hoop, Tunnband, 5. 

Hops, Humle, s. c. 

Hope, Hopp, s. n. 

Horse, Hast, 2. 

Hot, Het, ad. 

Hour, Time, 2. 

House, Has, 5. 

Hug, Omf'amna, a. 1. 

Hulk, Skraf (af ett skepp) 

Hull, Rum, (i ett skepp.) 

Humble, Odmjuk, ad. 

Hungry, Hungrig, ad. 

Hunt, Jaga, a. 1. 

Hurricane, Orkan, 3. 

Hurry, Bradska, Hast, s. c. 

Hurt, Skada, s. c. Skada, a. 1. 

Husband, Man, pi. Man. 

Hush, Nedtysta, a. 1. 



144 



Hut, Koja, 1. 

Huzza, Hurra ! 

Hymn, Psalm, Lafsaeg, 3. 



Jack (Boot) StSfvelknekt, 2. 

Jacket, Troja, Jacka, 1. 

Jaundice, Gulsot, s. c. 

Jaw, Kaft, Kindboge, 2. 

Jay, Kaja, 1. 

Ice, Is, 2. 

Idle, Lat, ad. 

Idol, Afgud, 2. 

Jest, Skamt, 5. 
Jew, Jude, 2. 

Jewel, Juvel, 3. 

If, Om. 

Ignorance, Okunnighet, s. c. 

Ill, Sjuk, ad. 
Illegal, Olaglig, ad. 
Illness, Sjukdom, 2. 
Image, Bild, 3. 
Imitate, Efterapa, a. 1. 
Immense, Omatlig, ad. 
Immortal, Ododlig, ad. 
Immoveable, Ororlig, ad. 
Impart, Meddela, a. 1. 
Impartial, Opartisk, ad. 
Impatience, Otalighet, s. c. 
Impediment, Hinder, 5. 
Imperfect, Ofullkomlig, ad. 
Impertinence, Nasvishet. s. c. 
Impiety, Ogudaktighet, s. c. 



Importance, Betydenhet, $. c. 

Imposition, Bedrageri,3. 

Impression, Intryck, 5. 

Improbable, Osannolik, ad. 

Improper, Otillborlig, ad. 

Improve, Forbattra, a. 1. 

Impudence, Oforskamdhet. 

Impunity, Straffloshet, s. v. 

Impure, Oren, ad. 

Inattention, Oaktsamhet, 3. 

Incapable, Oduglig, ad. 

Inch, Turn, pi. Turn, c. 

Incision, Inskarning, 2. 
Income, Inkomst, 3. 
Increase, Tillvexa, a. 3. 
Incredible, Otrolig, ad. 
Incurable, Obotlig, ad. 
Indeed, I sanning, Ocksa. 
Indisposed, Opasslig, ad. 
Induce, Forma, a. 2. 
Inexhaustible, Outoslig, ad. 
Infamous, Nedrig, ad. 
Infant, Barn, 5. 
Infection, Srr.itta, 1. 
Inferior, Samre, Lagre, ad. 
Infinite, Oandelig, ad. 
Infirm, Svag, ad. 
Inflexible, Obojlig, ad. 
Inform, Underratta, a. L 
Infuse, Ingjuta, i. 2. 
Ingenious, Qvick, Snillrik, ad. 
Ingraft, Inympa, a. I. 
Ingrave, Graver a, a. 1. 
Inhabitant, Invanare, 5. 
Injection, Insprutning, 2, 



145 



Ink, Black, s. n. 
Inkhorn, Blackhorn, 5. 
Inlet, Oppning, 2. 

Inmost, Innerst, ad. 
Inn, Gastgifvare-gard, 2. 

Innocent, Oskyldig, ad. 

Inoculate, Ympa, a. I. 

Inquire, Efterfraga, a. I. 

Inquisitive, Fragvis, ad. 

Insensible, Kanslolos, ad. 

Insert, Infora, a. 2. 

Insist, Pasta, i, 3. 

Insolent, Oforskamd, ad. 

Install, Installera, a. 1. 

Instance, Exempel, 5. 

Instantly, Strax. 

Instead, I stTtllet. 

Institute, lnriltta, a. 1. 

Insult, Forolampa, a. 1* 

Insure, Assekurera, a. 1 . 

Intend, Erna, a. 1. 

Intention, Afsigt, 3. 

Interior, Inre, ad. 
Internal, Invertes. 
Interpret, Uttolka, a. I, 
Inter, Begrafva, i. 2, 
Interrupt, Afbryta, i. 2. 
Interval, Mellantid, 3. 
Interview, Mote, 4. 
Intimate, Fortrolig, ad. 
Intimidate, Skramma, a. 2. 
Intire, Hel och hall en. 
Intirely, Helt och hallet. 
Into, Uti. 
Intreat, Bonfalla,— fdll. 



Intrenchment Forskansning, 2. 

Invent, Uppfinna, t. i; 

Invoice, Faktura, 1 . 

Join, Forena, a. \. 

Joiner, Snickare, 5, 

Joke, Skamt, 5. 

Jolly, Lustig, Roli*, ad. 

Journey, Resa, 1. 

Joy, Gladje, s. c. 

Iron, Jem, s. n. 

Ironmonger, Jernkramare. 

Irresistible, Oemotstandelig, ad. 

Irritate, Egga, Uppreta, a. I. 

Island, 6, 2. 

Itch, Skabb, Klada, s c. 

Item, Sa ock, Artickel, Rubrik. 

Judge, Domare, 5. 

Judgment, Urskiilning, s. c. 

Jug, Krus, 5. 

Juice, Saft, 3, 

Jump, Hopp, 5. Hoppa, a. 1. 

Ivory, Elfenben, 5. 

Jury, Namd, 3, 

Justice, Rattvisa, s. c. 

Justly, Rattmiitigt, Rattvist. 

K, 

Kay, Kaj, s. c 
Keel, Kol, 2. 
Keen, Skarp, Hvass, ad. 
Keep, Halla, Behalla, i 2. 
Kernel, Karne, 2. 
Kettle, Kittel, 2. 
Key, Nyckel, 2. 
Kick, Sparka, a. 1. 
H 



146 



Kidney, Njure, 2. 

Kill, Doda, Slagta, a. J. 

Kind, God, Huld, Om, ad. 

Kindness, Godhet, Huldhet. 

King, Konung, Kung, 2, 

Kiss, Kyss, 2. Kyssa, c. 3. 

Kitchen, Kok, 5. 

Kitten, Kattunge, 2. 

Knapsack, Kappsack, 2. 

Knee, Kna, 4. 

Knife, Knif, 2. 

Knight, Riddare, 5. 

Knit, Knyta, i. 2. Sticka, i. 1. 

Knock, Sla, i. 3. Knacka, a. 1. 

Knot, Knut, 2. 

Know,Veta, t. 4. Kanna, a. 2. 

Knowledge, Kunskap, 3. 

Knuckle, Knol, 2. 

K. 

Labour, Arbete, 4. Verk, 5. 

Lace, Spets, 2. Snore, 4. 

Lad, Gosse, 2. 

Ladder, Stege, 2. 

Ladle, Slef, 2. 

Lady, Fru, 2, Fruntimmer, 5. 

Lake, Sjo, Insjo, 2. 

Lame, Lam, Ofardig, c*f. 

Lamp, Lampa, 1. 

Land, Land, 3* Landa,-.a. 1. 

Lane, Grand, 3. 

Language, Sprak^ 5, 

Lantern, Lykta, I. 

Lap, Skote, s. n. 

Larbord, Babord. 



Lard, Ister, j. n. 

Larder, Skafferi, 3. 

Large, Stor, ad. 

Lark, Lark a, 1. 

Lash, Slag, Hugg, 5. 

Late, Sen, ad. 

Laugh, Skratta, a. 1. 

Law, Lag, 2. 

Lawful, Laglig, ad. 

Lazy, Lat, Trog, ad. 

Leach, Blodigel, 2. 

Lead, Bly, s. n. 

Leaf, Lof, 5. 

Leakage, Lackasje, s. n. 

Leaky, Otiit, Lackig, ad t 

Lean, Mager, ad, 

Leao, Luta, a. 1. 

Learn, Lara, Hora, a. 2. 

Least, Minst. 

Leather, Lader, 5. 

Leave, Afsked, Laf, 5. 

Leave, Lenina, a. 1. 

Lee, La, s. n. 

Left, Vitnster. 

The Left Hand, Vanstra Handen. 

Leg, Ben, 5. Lagg, 2. 

Legal, Laglig, ad. 

Leisure, Ledighet, s. c. 

Lemon, Citron, 3. 

Lend, Lana, 1.3, 

Length, Langd, 3. 

Less, Mindre. 

Lessen, Minska, a, 1 . 

Lessson, Lexa, 1 . Lardonv 2. 

Letter, Bokstaf, 3, Bref, 5, 






Level, Jemn, Slat, ad. 

Levy, Utskrifning, 2. 

Liberty, Friket, 3. 

Library, Bibliotek, 5. 

Lick, Slicka, a. 1. 

Life, Lif. 5. 

Lift, Lyfta, a. 1. 3. 

Light, Latt, Ljus, ad. 

Light, Ljus, Sken, 5. 

Light, Lysa, a. 3. 

Lighten, Blixtra, Ljunga, a. 1 

Lighten, (Ease) Latta, a. I. 

Lightning, Blixt, 2. Ljungeld, 

Like, Lik, ad. 

Likeness, Likhet, s. c. 

Limb, Lem, 2. 

Lime, Kalk, s. c. 

Limp, Halta, a. 1. 

Line, Lina, 1, Snore, 4, 

Lining, Foder, 5. 

Link, Lank, 2. 

Lint, Linskaf, s. ». 

Lion, Lejon, 5. 

Lipp, Lapp, 2. 

Liquid, Flytande, ad. 

List, Lista, 1. 

Listen, Lyssna, a. I. 

Little, Liten, ad. 

Live, Lefva, a, 2. 

Liver, Lefver, 2, 

Load, Last, 3. Lass, 5. 

Loadstone, Magnet, 3, 

Lobster, Hummer, 2. 

Lock, Las, 5. Lasa, a. 3. 

Lodging, Herrberge, 4. 



147 

Lofty, Hog, Stolt, ad. 

Loin, Land, 3. 

Look, Blick, 2, Se, t. 3. 

Loose, Los, ad» 

Loss, Forlust, 3. 

Loud, Gall, Hogljudd, ad. 

Love, Karlek, s. c. 

Lovely, Tack, Alskvard, ad. 

Lover, J Alskare, 5. 

3 Alskarinna, 1. 
Louse, Lus, pi. Loss. 
2 # Low, Lag, #</. 

Lump, Massa, 1. Stycke, 4. 
Lungs, Lungor, sing. Lunga. 
Lustre, Glans, s. c. Sken, 5. 
Luxury, Yppighet, s. c. 
Lyre, Lyra, 1. 

M. 

Mad, Galen, ad. 
Maid, Piga, 1. Jungfru, 3. 
Mail, Post, 3. Postvaska. I. 
Make, Gora, a. 2. 
Male, Hanne, 2. 
Malt, Malt, s. n. 
Man, Man, pi, man. 
Man, Menniska, 1. 
Man of War, Orlogs-Skep^ 
Mane, Man, 2. 
Manly, Manlig, ad. 
Manner, Sed, 3. Satt, 5* Man- 
ners, Fasoner, pi. 
Manure, Godsel, s. c. 
Many, Manga, ad, 
H 2 



148 



Map, Karta, 1. 

Marble, Marraor, s* c. 

Mark, Marke, 4. 

Market, Marinad, Pris, 3. 

Market-place, Torg, 5. 

Marriage, Giftermal, 5. 

Marrow, Merg, s. c. 

Marsh, Karr, 5. Moras, 3. 5. 

Mason, Murmastare, 5. 

Mat, Matta, 1. 

Match, Parti, 3. Svafvelsticka, 1. 

Mate, Styrman. 

Mathematics, Matematik, s. c. 

Matrimony, Aktenskap, 3. 

Matter, Amme, 4. Materia, 3. 

Mature, Mogen, ad. 

Maxim, Grundsats, 3. 

Meadow, Ang, 2. 

Meal, Mai, 5. Maltid, 3. 

Mean, Lag, Ringa, ad. 

Mean, Mena, a. 1. 

Means, Medel, 5. 

Measure, Matt, 5. 

Meat, Kott, s. n. Kottratt, 3. 

Measles, Messling, s. c 

Mediator, Medlare, 5. 

Medium, Medelvag, s. c 

Meet, Mota, a. 3. Raka, a. 1.3. 

Member, Lem, 2. Ledamot, 3* 

Memory, Minne, 4. 

Mend, Laga, Andra, a. 1. 

Mention, Omtala, a. 1. 3. 

Mercy, Nad, s. c. 

Merit, Fortjenst, 3. Fortjena, 3. 

Merry, Lustig, Glad, ad. 



Message, Budskap, 5. 
Meteor, Luft-tecken, 5. 
Midwife, Jordgumma, 1. Bara- 

morska, 1. 
Mile, Mii, 5. 
Milk, Mjolk, s. c. 
Mill, Qvarn,2. 
Mind, Sinne, 4 . Marka, a. 3. 
Mine, Grufva, 1. 
Minor, Omyndig, ad. 
Mischief, Ofog, 5, Skada, s. c. 

Odygd, 3. 
Misery, Elande, 4* 
Misfortune, Olycka, a. 1. 
Mislead, Forleda, a. 2. 
Miss, Jungfru, Mamsell, 3. 
Mistake, Misstag,5. Misstaga,/2. 
Mistress, Fru, Matmor, 2. 
Misty, Tocknig, ad. 
Mix, Blanda, a. 1. 
Mock, Gacka, a. 1. 
Modest, Sedig, Blygsam, ud. 
Moist, Fuktig, 

Moment, Vigt, s. c. Ogonblick,5 . 
Money, Penningar, p. 
Month, Manad, 3, 
Moon, Mane, 2. 
Morning, Morgon, 2. 
Mortar, Mortel, 2. 
Moss, Laf, 2. Mossa, 1. 
Mother, Moder, 2. 
Motion Rorelese, 3. Stolgang, 2. 
Move, Rora, a. 2. Flytta, Fiot. 
Mould, Form, 2. Forma, <*. I. 
Mountain, Berg, 5. 



149 






Mouth, Mun, 2. 
Mud, Gyttja, Dy, s. c 
Multitude, Myckeuhet, 3. 
Murder, Mord, 5, 
Muscle, Muskel, 2. 
Mustard, Senap, s. c. 
Muster, Monstra, a. 1. 
Mutiny, Myteri, 3. 
Mutton, Farkott, s. n. 
Mystery, Hemlighet,3. 

N. 

Nail, Nagel, Spik, 2. 

Naked, Naken, ad. 

Name, Namn, 5, 

Namely, Nemligen. 

Nap, Lur. s. c. Lura, Slumra, 1. 

Narrow, Trang, Smal. ad. 

Nasty, Stygg, Otack, ad. 

Native, Infoding, 2. 

Naval Engagement, Sjoslag. 

Navel, Nafle, 2. 

Naughty, Elak, ad. 

Navy, Krigs-Flotta, 1. 

Near, Nara, Narbeliigen, ad. 

Neat, Natt, Tack, ad. 

Necessity, N6dvandighet,3. 

Neck, Hals, 2. 

Neckcloth, Halsduk, 2. 

Need, Nod, s. c. 

Needle, Synal, 2. 

Needs, Nodvandigt. 

Neglect, Forsumma, a. 1. 

Neighbour, Granne, 2. Nabo, 3. 

Nest, Nastej Fagelbo, 4. 



Never, Aldrig, ad. 

New, Ny, Farsk, ad. 

News, Nytt, Nyhet, 3. 

Next, Nast. 

Nice, Vacker, Lacker, ad. 

Nickname, Oknamn, 5. 

Night, Natt, pi. Natter. 

Nimble, Vig, Snabb, ad. 

Nod, Nick, 2. Nicka, a. 1. 

Noise, Buller, 5. 

Noon, Middagstid. 

Nose, Nasa, 1. 

Nothing, Ingenting. 

Notion, Regrepp, 5. Tanke, 2. 

Novelty, Nyhet, 3. 

Nourish, Foda, Niira, a. 2. 

Now, Nu. 

Number, Tal, Antal, 5. 

Numberless, Otalig, ad. 

Nurse, Skoterska, 1. 

Wet Nurse, Amma, 1 . 

Nutmeg, Muskott, s. c. 

Nutriment, Foda, s. c. 

O. 

Oak, Ek, 2. 

o 

Oar, Ara, 1. 
Obedient, Lydig, ad. 
Obey, Lyda, a. 2. 
Object, Foremal, 5. 
Obligation, Forbindelse, 3. 
Oblong, Aflang, ad. 
Obstacle, Hinder, Motstand. 5. 
Obstinate, Envis, ad. 
Obstruction, Forstoppning, 2* 



150 



Obtain, Erhalla, t. 2. 

Obvious, Tydlig, ad. 

Occasion, Tillfalie, 4» 

Occupy, Innehafva, — hade. 

Occur, Forekomma, f, 4, 

Odd, Udda, Sallsam, ad. 

Offence, Skada, 1. Fortret, ?. 

Offend, Fortorna, a. 1. 

Office, Tjenst, 3- Kontor, 5. 

Post Office, Post-Kontor > 5 . 

Often, Ofta. 

Oil, Olja, 1. 

Ointment, Smorjelse, 3. 

Oister, Ostra, pi Ostron, e. 

Old, Gammal, ad. 

Omit, Underlata, i. 2. 

Once, En gang, Fordom. 

Only, Endast, Allenast, Bara, ad. 

Open, Oppen, ad. 

Opiate, Somndryck, 3. 

Oppress, Fortryeka, a. 3. 

Opulent, Rik, Formogen, ad. 

Order, Ordning, 2. Pabud, 5. 

Ore, Malm, 3. 

Oriental, Osterlandsk,arf, 

Origin, Ursprung, 5. 

Ornament, Prydnad^ 3. 

Ostentation, Skryt, s. n. 

Ostler, Hallkarl, Stalldrang, 2. 

Otherwise, Annars. 

Oven, Ugn, 2. 

Over, Ofver. 

Out, Ut. 

Outlet, Utgaug, 2. 

Outside, Utsida, 1. 



Outwork, Utanverk,5. 
Owe, Vara skyldig. 
Owl, Uggla, 1. 
Own, Egen, ad. 
Owner, Agare, 5. 
Ox, Oxe, 2. 



Pace, Gang, s. c. Steg, 5. 

Pack, Packa, a. 1. 

Padlock, Utanlas, Hanglas, 5. 

Page, Sida (ien bok), 1. 

Pail, Ambar, 5. 

Pain, Moda, Plaga, 1. 

Paint, Farg, 3. Smink, 5. 

Paint, Mala, a. 1. 

Pair> Par, 5. 

Palate, Gom, 2. 

Pale, Blek, ad. 

Palpable, Handgriplig, ad, 

Pamphlet, Stroskrift^S. 

Pan, Pannaj 1, 

Pane, Fonster-ruta, 1. 

Paper, Papper, 5. 

Parcel, Bunt, 2. Knyte, 4. 

Parchment, Pergament, 5. 

Parish, Socken,2. 

Parsley, Persilja, s. c. 

Parsnip, Palsternacka, 1 . 

Part, Del, 2. Lott, 3. 

Part, Dela, a. 1. Skilja, c, 2. 

Partly, Dels. 

Pass, Passera, a. 1 • 

Path, Stig, Vag, 2. 

Patience, Talamod, s? <?. 



151 



Paw, Ram, Tass, 2. 
Pawn, Pant, 3. 
Pay, Betaking, 2, 
Pay, Betala, a 3. 
Pea, Art, 3. 

Peace, Fred, 3. Lugn,s. /*.. 
Pear, Paron, 5. 
Pearch, Aborre, 2, 
Peasant, Bonde, pi. Bonder. 
Peek, Spets, Pik, 2. 
Peel, Skal, 5. 
Pen, Penna, 1. 

Penetrate, Genomtranga, a. 2. 
Pensive, Tankfull, ad. 
People, Folk, 5. 
Pepper, Peppar, s. c. 
Perfect, Fullkomlig, ad. 
Perform, Utratta,- a. 1. 
Perhaps, Kanske. 
Peril, Fara, 1. 
Perish, Forgas, d. i. 
Perjury, Mened, 3. 
Permit, Tillata, i. 2. 
Perpetual, Bestandig, ad. 
Perry, Paron-vin. 
Personal, Personlig, ad. 
Persuade, Ofvertala, a, I, 3. 
Pert, Niisvis, ad. 
Peruse, Genomlasa, a. 3. 
Pestle, Mortel-stot, 2. 
Pew, Bank, (i kyrkan) 2. 
Phrase, Talesatt, 5. 
PickyPlocka, Hacka, a. 1. 
Pickpocket, Ficktjuf, 2. 
Picklock, Dyrk, 2. 
Picture, Malning, 2, 



Piece, Stycke, 4 

Piety, Gudsfruktan, s* c. 

Pig, Gris, 2. Svin, 5. 

Pigeon, Dufva, 1. 

Pike, Gadda,!. (a Fish) Pik, 2, 

Pill, Piller, 5. 

Pillow, Kudde, 2. 

Pilot, Lots, 2. 

Pin, Knappnal, 2 

Pincers, Hoftang, 3. 

Pinch, Nypa, i. 3, 

Pine, Gran, 2. 

Pious, Gudfruktig, ad. 

Pipe, Pipa, 1. 

Pirate, Sjorofvare, 5. 

Pit, Grop, 2. Parterr, 3. 

Pitch, Beck, $. n. Hojd, 3, 

Pitcher, Stenkrus,5. Kruka, 1* 

Pity, Medlidande, s. n. 

Place, Plats, 3. Stalla, a. 2, 

Plain, Slat, ad. Slatt, 3. 

Plain, Slata, Jemna, a. 1, 

Plank, Planka, I. 

Plant, Plantera, a. I. 

Plate, Tallrick,2, Silfverkarl, 5. 

PlayjSpeljSJiadespeljS.Komedi^. 

Pleasant, Behaglig, ad. 

Please, Behaga, a. 1. 

If you please, Om ni behagar* 

Pleasure, Noje, 4. 

Pledge, Pant, 3. Forsakran, s. c. 

Plenty, Yninighet, s. c. 

Plow, Plog, 2. 

Plumb, Plommon, 5. 

Point, Udd, Spets, % 

Poison, FSrgift, s, », 



152 



Poker, Eldgaffel, 2. 

Polite, Hoflig, ad. 

Pomatum, Pomada, 1. 

Pond, Damm, 2. 

Poop, Bakstam, 2. 

Poor, Fattig, ad. 

Pope, Pafve, 2. 

Pork, Flask, (Farskt) s. n. 

Port, Hamn, 2. Portvin, s. n. 

Porter, Barare,5. Porter, s. m. 

Postage, Postpeaningar, p. 

Postpone, Uppskjuta, i. 2. 

Pot, Potta, 1, Stop, 5. 

Potatoes, Potatis, pi. Potater. 

Poultry, Fjaderfa^.w.Hons, Fagel. 

Pound, iMark, 3* Skalpund, 5. 

Pour, Gjuta, i. 2. Stromma, 1. 

Powder, Puder, s. n. Pulfver, 5 . 

Power, Makt, 3. Valde, 4. 

Practice, Ofning, 2. 

Prate, Prata, a. 1 . 

Pray, Bedja, t. 4. 

Prayer, Bon, 3. 

Prayerbook, Psalmbok, Bone- 

bok, 3. 
Preach, Predika, a. 1. 
Precipice, Brant, 3, Bradjup, 5, 
Preface, Foretal, 5. 
Prefer, Foredraga, i. 2. 
Preferment, Befordran, s.^d. 
Prepare, Laga, {a. 1.) till* 
Present, Skank, 3. 
Present, Narvarande, ad. 
Presently, Strax, Genast, 
Preserves, Syltsaker, p. 
Press, Bokpress, 2. 
Press, Trycka, a. 3. Pressa, a. 1 . 



Presume, Formoda, a. 1. 
Pretence, Forevandning, 2. 
Pretend, Pasta, i.3. 
Pretension, Ansprak, 5. 
Prevalent, Radande, ad. 
Prevent, Forekomma, I. 4. 
Price, Pris, 5. Varde,4. 
Pride, Hogmod, s. n. 
Prince, Prins, Furste, 2. 
Princess, Prinsessa, I. 
Print, Tryck, Koppar-stick, 5. 
Prison, Fangelse, 3. 
Privy, Prevet, 5. 
Prize, Pris, 3. Byte, s. n. 
Procure, Forskaffa, a. 1 . 
Produce, Frambringa, i. 4. 
Produce, Afkastning, s. c. 
Progress, Framsteg, 5. 
Promise, Lofte, 4. Lofva, a. 1 . 
Promote, Befordra, a. I. 
Proof, Prof, Bevis, 5, 
Property, Egendom. s. c. 
Propose, Foresla, t. 3, 
Propriety, Tillborlighet, s. c. 
Prosperity, Valgang, s. c. 
Protection, Beskydd, s. c. 
Proud, Hogfardig, Stolt, ad. 
Provoke, Reta, Forarga, a. %. 
Proxy, Fullmaktig. 
Prunes, Sviskon, 5* 
Public, Allman, ad. 
Publican, Krogare, 5. 
Pull, Draga, i. 2. Rycka, a. 3. 
Pulpit, Predikstol, 2. 
Pump, Pump, 2. Pumpa, a.. I* 
Punish, Straffa, a. 1. 
Purchase, Kopa, a. 3. 



153 



Pure, Pur, Ren, ad 
Purpose, Andamal, 5. 
Purse, Pung, 2. 
Purser, Skepps-Skrifvare, 5. 
Pursue, Fullfolja, a. 2. 
Pusb,Stot, 2. Stota, a, 3. 
Put, Satta, i. 4. Stalla, a. 2. 
Putrid, Rutten, ad. 
Puzzle, Bryderi, s. c. 

Q- 

Qualified, Skicklig, ad. 
Quality, Egenskap, 3. Art, 3. 
Quantity, Myckenhet, s. c. 
Quarrel, Trata, 1. Gral, 5. 
Quarter, Fjerndel, 2. Pardon. 
Quay, Kaj, 2. 
Queen, Drottning, 2. 
Quench, Sliicka, a. 3. 
Question, Fraga, 1. 
Quick, Lefvande, ad. 
Quiet, Stilla, ad. 
Quill, Penna, 1. (oskuren). 
Quilt, Sangtacke, 4. 
Quire, Bok, (papper), 3. 
Quit, Lemma, a. 1. 
Quiver, Darra, a. 1. 

R. 

Rabbit, Kanin, 3. 

Race, Slagte, 4, Kapp-ranning, : 

Radish, Radisa, I. 

Black Radish, Rattika, I. 

Rag, Trasa, 1 . 

Rage, Rasa, a. I, Raserie,3, 



Rail,Ledstang,3. 
Rain, Regn, s. c. 
Rainbow, Regnbage, 2. 
Rainy, Regnig, ad. 
Rank, Rang, s. c. Rad, 3. 
Ransom, Losepenning, 2. 
Rapid, Hastig, ad. 
Rapture, Fortjusning, s. c. 
Rascal, Skurk, 2. 
Rash, Oforvagen, ad. 
Rate, Vardera, a. I. 
Ratify, Stadfasta, a. 1. 
Ravage, Plundra, a. I. 
Rave, Yra, Rasa, a. 1 . 
Raw, Ra, ad. 
Ray, Strale, 2. 
Razor, Rakknif, 2. 
Reach, Racka, a» 3. 
Read, Lasa, a. 3. 
Ready, Fardig, ad* 
Reason, FQrnuft, s. /*♦ 
Receipt, Recept, Qvittens, 3* 
Receive, Emottaga, «'. 2. 
Recently, Nyligen. 
Reckon, Rakna, a. I. 
Reckoning, Rakning, 2. 
Recollect, Komma ihag, 

o 

Recovery, Aterfaende, s . n, 
RecreatioB, Vederqvickelse, *, c. 
Rectify, Ratta, a. I. 
Red, Rod, ad. 

o . 

Redeemer, Aterlosare, 5. 

o 

Redemption, Aterlosnin^, ^ r # 

Redress, Andring, 2. 

Reef, Ref, 5. 

Refer, Hanvisa, a, 3. 



154 



Refresh, Forfriska, a. 1. 
Refreshment, Forfriskning, 2. 
Refuge, Tillflykt,3. 
Refuse, Vagra, a. 1 . 
Regard, Aktning, s. c f 
Reject, Forkasta, a. 1* 
Reign, Regering, 2. 
Rein, Tom, 2. 
Relate, Beratta, a. L 
Relation, Berattelsey 3. 
Relief, Hjelp, s. c. 
Relish, Smak, s. c. Tycka om. 3. 
Rely, Lita pa, i. 2. 
Remain, Blifva qvar. 
Remark, Anmarka, a. 3. 
Remedy, Bot, s. e. 
Remember, Paminna, a, 3. 
Remote, Aflagsen, ad. 
Remove, Flytta, a. 1 . 
Renew, Fornya, a. 1. 
Repair, Laga, Forbattra, a. 1. 
Repeat, Upprepa, a. I, 

o 

Repent, Angra, a. 1. 
Report, Rykte, 4. Beratta, a, 1. 
Repose, Hvila, s. c. 
Represent, Forestalla, a. 2. 
Reproach, Forebraelse. 3. 
Request,Begara,« 2.Begaran, s. c. 
Rescue, Radda, Fralsa, a. 1. 3. 
Resemble, Likna, a. 1. 
Reside, Vistas, d. 1. 
Resign, Aftrada* a. 2. 
Resist,. Emotsta, i. 3. 
Resolve, Besluta, i. 2. 

Rest, Hvila, Somn, s, c. 


Restore, Aterstalja, a. 2* 

Retail, Dela, Minutera, a, 1. 



Retain, Behalla, i. 2. 

o 

Return, Atervanda,a. 2. 
Revelation, Uppenbarelse, 3. 
Revenge, Hamd, Hamnas, d.L 
Review,M5nstring,2.Resension r 3* 

o 

Revoke, Aterkalla, a. 1. 
Reward, Beloning, 2. 
Rib, Refben, 5. 
Rice, Risgryn, 5. 
Rich, Rik, ad+ 
Rid, Fri, Befriad, ad. 

o 

Ride, Aka, a, 3. Rida, u 2. 

Rie, Rag, s. c. 

Rig, Tackla, a. h 

Right, Riktig, Ratt, ad. 

Right, Rattighet,3. 

The right hand, hvgra handen. 

Ring, Ring, Cirkel, 2. 

Ripe, Mogen, ad. 

Rise, Uppkomst, s. c, Sta opp. 

River, Flod, 3. Elf, 2. 

Road, Vag, 2. Redd, s. c. 

Roast, Steka, a. 3» 

Rob, Rofva, a. 1. 

Rock, Klippa, 1. 

Rod, Spo, 4, Ris, 5. 

Rogue, Skalm, 2. 

Roof, Tak, 5. 

Room, Rum. 5. Kammare, 5, 

Root, Rot, ph Rotter. 

Rope, Tag, Rep, 5. 

Rough, Ojemn, Skraflig, ad, 

Round, Rund, ad* 

Row, Rad, 3. Ro. a. 2. 

Royal, Kunglig, ad. 

Rub, Gnida, i. 2. 

Rudder, Roder, 5. 



155 



Rude, Grof, Ohoflig, ad. 

O 

Rue, Angra, Rua, a. 1. 

Rug, Rya, 1, 

Ruin, Fordarf,5. Fordarfva, 1. 

Rule, Ordning, 2. Bruk, 5. 

Rum, Romm, s. c. 

Rumour, Rykte, 4. 

Run, Lopa, a. 3. Springa, i. 1. 

Rust, Rost, ^. c. 

S. 
Sabre, Sabel, 2. 
Sack, Sack, 2, 
Saddle, Sadel, 2. 
Safe, Saker, Trygg, ad. 
Sail, Segel, 5. Segla, a. 1. 
Sailor, Sjoman, /?/. Sjomau. 
Salmon, Lax, 2. 
Salt, Salt, ,y. n. 
Salvation, Fralsning, s. e, 
Salutation, Helsning, 2. 
Salute, Helsa, a. 1. 
Sample, Prof, 5. 
Sand, Sand, s. c. 
Sands, Sandbankar, 2 j?/. 
Sauce, Sas, 3. 
Saucy, Nasvis, ad. 
Saviour, Fralsare, 5. 
Saw, Sag, 2, 
Say, Saga, impf. sade. 
Scale, Skala, 1. Mattstock, 2. 
Scales, Vagskal, 2. 
Scanty, Knapp, Dalig, ad. 
Scar, Arr, 5. Skrama, Li 
Scarce, Knappt. 
Scarf, Sloja, 1. Band, 5. 
Scate, Skridsko, 3. 



Scavenger, Gatsopare, 5* 

Scheme, Plan, 3. Forslag, 5. 

School, Skoln, 2. 

Schoolfellow, Skolkamrat, 3* 

Science, Vettenskap, 3. 

Scissors, Sax, 2. 

Scold, Banna, «. 1 . Trata, a, 3. 

Score, Tjog, 5. 

Scorn, Forakt, s.n. Forakta, a. \» 

Scrape, Skrapa, a. 1. 

Scratch, Rifva, f. 2. Kla, a, 2, 

Scream, Skrika, i*. 2. Skria, a*. 1 . 

Screen, Skarm, 2. 

Screw, Skruf, 2. Skrufva, a, h 

Scripture, Skrift, 3. 

Scurvy, Skorbjugg, s* c+ 

Sea, Haf, 5. Sjo, 2. 

Seafaring, Sjofarande, ad. 

Seasick, Sjosjuk, ad. 

Seal, Sigill,5. Forsegla, a. I. 

Seam, Som, 2, Somma^ a. t. 

Search, Spaning, 2. Spana, c. 1. 

o 

Season, Arstid, 3.Kryddning,s.cv 

Seat, Sate, 4. 

Secret, Hemlig,oc?. Hemlighet,3. 

Secure, Saker, Trygg, ad. 

Sediment, Grummel, Dragg. 

Seduce, Forfora, Forleda, a. 2# 

See, Se, i. 3. 

Seed, Fro, 4. 

Seek, Soka, a. 3. 

Seem, Synas, Tyckas, d. 3. 

Seize, Gripa, t. 2. Konfiskera, 1, 

Seldom, Sallan. 

Select, Utvald, ad. 

Sell, Siilja, Sallde. 

o 

Se'nnight, Atta dan 



156 



Sense, Forstand, s. n. Sinne, 4. 

Sentence, Dom, Mening, 2. 

Separate, Sarskilt, ad. 

Serious, Alfvarsam, ad. 

Sermon, Predikan, s t c. 

Serpent, Orm, 2. 

Servant, Tjenare, 5. Drang, 2. 

Set, Satta, L 4, Ga ned. 

The sun sets, Sohn gar ned. 

Settle, Stadga, Betala, % a. 1. 3. 

Sew, Sy, a. 2. Somraa, a. I. 

Sex, Kon, 5. 

Shabby, Dalig, Usel, ad. 

Shade, Skugga, 1. 

Shake, Skaka, Darra, a. 1. 

Shame, Skatn, s. c. 

Shape, Skapnad, 3. 

Share, Del, 2. Lots, 3. 

Shark, Haj, 2. 

Sharp, Skarp, Hvass, ad. 

Sharper, Bedragare, 5. 

Shave, Raka, a. I. 

Sheath, Skida, 1. 

Shed, Utgjuta, imperf. Utgot. 

Sheep, Far, 5. 

Sheet, Lakan, s. n. Ark, 5. 

Shelter, Skjul, 5. 

Shew, Visa, a. 1. 3. 

Shield, Skold, 2. 

Shift, Sark, 2. 

Shine, Skina, i. l.Lysa, a. 3. 

Ship, Skepp, Fartyg, 5, 

Shirt, Skjorta, 1. 

Shock, Stota, a. 3. 

Shoe, Sko, 3. Sko, a. 2. 

Shoot, Skjnta, *\ 2* 

Shop, Bod, 2. Verkstad, 3. 

Shore, Strand, pi. Strander. 



Short, Kort, ad. 

Shoulder, Skuldra, h Bog, 2, 

Shrove-tide, Fastlag, s. c. 

Shudder, Rysa, a. 3. 

Shun, Sky, Undfly, a. 2. 

Shut, Stanga, a. 2. 

Shy, Skygg, Blyg, ad. 

Sick, Sjuk, ad* 

Side ? Sida, 1. 

Sieve, Sikt, 2. 

Sign, Tecken, 5. Teckna, a. f. 

Silence, Tystnad, s. c. 

Silk, Silke, 4. Siden, 5, 

Silver, Silfver, s. n. 

Sin, Synd, 3. Synda, a. \, 

Since, Sedan, Emedan. 

Sincere, Redlig, ad. 

Sinew, Sena, l . 

Sing, Sjunga, t. 4. 

Sink, Sjunka, i. 4. Sanka, a, 3. 

Sip, Lappja, Smutta, a. \. 

Sister, Syster, 2. 

Sit, Sitta, i. 4. 

Situation, Beliigenhet, 3. 

Size, Storlek, 2. 

Sketch, Utkast, 5. • 

Skill, Skicklighet, 3.Forstand.^.c. 

Skin, Skin, 5. 

Sky, Sky, 2. Luft, s. c. 

Sledge, SJade, 2. 

Sleep, Somn, s. c. Sofva, t. 2. 

Sleepy, Somnig, Tung, ad: 

Sleeve, Arm, 2. 

Slice, Skifva, 1. 

Slide, Slinta, Halka, «. 1 . 

Slight, Ringa, Tunn, ad* 

Slope, Slutta, a s 1. 



157 



Slow, Trog, Sen, ad. 
Slumber, Slumra, a. 1. 
Sly, Slug, Illparig, ad. 
Small, Liten, def. Lilla. 
Smart, Smarta, 1. Sveda, s. c. 
Smell, Lukt, s. c. Lukta, a. 1. 
Smile, Le, Smale, i. 3. 
Smith, Smed, 3. 
Sinoak,Rok, s. c. R6ka,«« 3. 
Smooth, Slat, Jemn, ad. 
Snare, Snara, 1. Nat, 5. 
Snatch, Snappa, a, 1. 
Sneeze, Nysa, i. 3. 
Snore, Snarka, a. I. 
Snow,Sno, s. c 
Snuff, Snus, s. n. Snyta, »'. 2. 
Soap, Sapa, Tval, s. c. 
Sober, Nykter, Arbar, ad. 
Soft, Mjuk, ad. 
Soil, Jordman, s. c. 
Soldier, Soldat, 3. 
Some- Body, Nagon, ad. 
Sometimes, Ibland, Stundom. 
Son, Son, pi. Soner. 
Song, Sang, 3. 
Soon, Snart. 

Sooth, Lindra, Stilla, a. 2. 
Sore, Um, Svidande, ad. 
Sorrow, Sorg, 3. Sorja, a. 2. 
Sorry, Sorgsen, Ledsen, ad. 
Soul, Sjal, 2. 
Sound, Sund, Frisk, ad. 
Sound, Ljud, 5, Ljuda, a. 2. 
Sound, Sund, 5, 
Sour, Sur, Tviir, ad. 
Sow, Sa, a. 2. 
Space, Rymd, 3, Rum, 5. 



Spade, Spade, 2. 

Spare, Spara, a. 2. 

Spark, Gnista, 1. 

Sparrow, Sparf, 2. 

Speak, Tala, a. 1 • 3 . 

Species, Slag, 5. Art, 3. 

Specimen, Prof, 5. 

Spectacles, Glasogon, p. 

Speech, Mai, Tal, 5. 

Speed, Hast, s. c Hasta, a. 1. 

Spell, Stafva, a. 1. 

Spencer, Utantroja, 1. 

Spice, Krydda, 1. Speceri, 3. 

Spire, Spira, 1. 

Spirit, Ande, 2. 

Splendor, Glans, Prakt, s. c. 

Split, Klyfva, i. 2. Spracka, a. 3. 

Spoil, F6rderfva,a. 1. Skauima^ 

Spoon, Sked,2. 

Sport, Lek, 2. Jagt, s. c 

Spot, Flack, 2. Stalle, 4. 

Spout, Pip, 2. 

Spread, Sprida, Breda, a. 2. 

Spring, Kalla, 1. Var, 2. 

Sprinkle, Stanka, a. 3. 

Sprucebeer, Tallstrunt-ol, s< n. 

Spunge, Svamp, 2. 

Spur, Sporre, 2. 

Spy, Spion, 3. Spionera, a. 1. 

Square, Fyrkantig, ad. Torg, 5. 

Squeeze, Kramma, Krysta, «. 1» 

Stable, Stall, 5. 

Stage, Teater, 2. 

Stair, Trappa, 1. 

Up- stairs, Ofvanpa. 

Downstairs, Nere. 

Stalk, Stjelk, 2, 



158 



Stamp, Stampel, 2. Stampla, 1. 
Star, Stjerna, 1 . 
Starch, Starkelse, s. c 
Start, Hoppa, a. 1. Afresa, 3. 
Starve, Svalta, i. 1. Frysa, i, 2. 
State, Tillstand, 5. 
States, Stander, Stater./;. 
Statue, Stod, Staty, 3. 
Staves, Staffer, p. 
Stay, Vanta, a. 1. Droja, a. 2. 
Stays, Snorlif, 5. 
Steady, Stadig, Fast, ad. 
Steal, Stjiila, imj)erf, stal. 

o 

Steam, Anga, I. Dunst, 3. 
Steam engine. Eld ock luft ma- 
te hin, 3, 
Steel, Stal, s % n. 
Steep, Brant, ad. 
Steer, Styra, a. 2, 
Step, Steg, 5. 

Stern, Bakstam, 2. Tviir, ad. 
Stew, Stufva, a. 1. 
Stick, Kapp, 2. Fastna, a. \. 
Stiff, Styf, Stel, ad. 
Stile, Stil, Prakt, s. c. 
Still, Stilla, ad. Annu. 
Sting, Sting, 5. Stinga,*'. 1. 
Stir, Upprdra, a. 2. 
Stirrup, Stegbygel, 2. 
Stich, Sticka. i. 1. Lappa, a. I. 
Stock, Forrad, 5, Fond, 3. 
Stomach, Mage, 2. Aptit, s.c. 
Stone, Sten, Kama, 2. 
Stoop, Stupa, Luta, a, 1. 
Stop, Hejda, Stanna, a, 1. 
Store, Forrad* 5. 
Storm, Storm, 2. Bestorma, «, 1. 



Story, Historia, 3. Vaning, 2. 
Stout, Styf, Stor, Stark, ad. 
Strain, Sila, K ram in a, a. 1. 
Straight, Rat, Rak, ad. Ratt, 
Strange, Underlig, ad. 
Stranger, Framling, 2. 
Strap, Stropp, 3. 
Stream, Strom, 2. 
Street, Gata, 1. 
Strength, Styrka, s. c. 
Stretch, Stracka, a. 3. 
Strike, Sla, i. 3. Bulta, a. L 
String, Strang, 2. Band, 5, 
Shoe-string, Sko-band. 
Strip, Berofva, a. 1. Afklada, 2. 
Strong, Stark, Dugtig, ad. 
Struggle, Bemodande, 4. Strid, 3. 
Stupid, Dum, Daraktig, ad. 
Subdue, Underkuf va, a. 1 . 
Subject, Amne,4. Undersate, 3. 
Submit, Underkasta, a. 1, 
Subsidies, Subsidier, pi. 
Subsidy, Bevillning, s. c. 
Subsist, Lefva, a. 2. Besta, L 3, 
Suburb, Forstad, 3. 
Succeed,Eftertrada,«.2.Lyckas,I, 
Success, Framgang, Lycka, s. c. 
Succour, Hjelp, s. c. Hjelpa, a. 3. 
Suck, Suga, t. 2. Di, a. 2. 
Sue, Bedja, t. 4, Ansoka, a. 3. 
Suffer, Lida, i. 2 Tala, a. 3. 
Sufficient, Tillracklig, ad. 
Sugar, Socker, s, ». 
Summer, Sommar, 2. 
Sun, Sol, 2. Sunday, Sondag, 2. 
Superficial, Ytlig, ad. 
Sure, Saker, Viss, ad. 



159 



Surgeon, Fitltskar, 3. 

Surround, Omgifva. — gaf. 

Survey, Syna, Besigtiga, a. 1. 

Suspect, Misstanka, a. 3. 

Swallow, Svala, 1. Sviilja, a. 2. 

Sweat, Svett, s. c. Svettas, d. 1 . 

Sweep, Sopa, a. 1. 

Sweet, S6t» 

Swift, Snabb, Snar, ad. 

Swim, Simma, i. 1 . 

Swing, Gunga, 1. Gunga, a. 1. 

Swoon, Svimning, 2. Svimma, 1, 

Sword, Varja, 1. Sviird, 5. 

Symptom, Tecken, 5. 

Syrup, Socker-Sirap, s. c. 

T. 

Table, Bord, 5. 

Tail,, Svans, Stjert, 2. 

Take,Taga, i.2. Fatta, a. I. 

Talk,Tal, 5. Tala, a. 1. 3. 

Tall, Lang, Reslig, ad. 

Tallow, Talg, s. c. 

Tame, Tam, Spak, ad. 

Tan, Garfva, a. 1, 

Tankard, Kanna, Stanka, 1 . 

Tar, Tjara, s. c. Matros, 3. 

Tarry, Droja, a. 2, 

Tart, Tarta, 1. 

Task, Syssla, 1. 

Taste, Smak, s. c. Smaka, a. I . 

Tavern, Vardshus, Kallare, 5. 

Tailor, Skraddare, 5. 

Tea,Te, 3. 

Teach, Lara, a. 2. Undervisa, 1 . 

Tear, Tar, 2. 

Teaze, Plaga,«. 1, Bry, a, 2, 



Telescope, Teleskop, 5. Tub, 3. 
Tell, Beratta, a. 1. Saga, 5. sade. 
Templer, Lynne, 4. 

o 

Tenant, Abo, 3. 
Tend, Syfta, (pa,) a. I. 
Tender, Press -skepp, 5» 
Tent, Tiilt, 5. 
Terrible, Forskracklig, ad* 
Test, Prof, Forsok, 5. 
Testify, Intyga, a. U 
Thank, Tacka, «.l. 
Thaw, To, s. n. Toa, a. I. 
Thick, Tjock, ad. 
Thief, Tjuf, 2. 
Thigh, Lar, 5. 
Thimble, Fingerborr, 2, 
Thing, Ting, 5. Sak, 3, 
Thin, Tunn, ad. 
Think, Tanka, a. 3. 
Thirst, Torst, s. c. 
Thirsty, Torstig, ad. 
Thistle, Tistel, 2. 
Thorn, Tome, 4. 
Thought, Tanke, 2. Uppsat, 5* 
Thrash, Troska, a. 1 . 
Thread, Trad, 2. Trada, a. 2. 
Threaten, Hota, a. 1. 
Thrive, Trifvas, d. 2. 
Throat, Hals, Strupe, 2. 
Throw, Kast, 5»Kasta, a. f. 
Thumb, Turame, 2. 

o 

Thunder, Thordon, s n. Aska,l. 
Tick, Bolstervar, 5. 
Ticket, Sedel, 2, Biljett, 3. 
Tide, Tid, s. c. (Ebb och Flod). 
Tie, Knut, 2, Knyta, i. 2. 
Tight, Tat, Spand, ad. 



160 



Tile, Tak-tegel, 5. 

Till, Odla, Uppbruka, a. 1. 

Time, Tid, 3. 

Tin, Ten, s. n. Fortenna, a. 1.3. 

Tinder, Fnoske, Skore, s. n. 

Tinder-box, Skor-ask, 2. 

Tire, Trotta, Trottna, a. 1. 

Tiresome, Trottsam, Trakig, ad. 

Toast, Skal, 2. 

Toe, Ta, 3. 

Toil, Arbete,4. Arbeta, a. \ . 

Tolerable, Draglig, ad. 

Tomb, Graf, 2. Grift, 3. 

Tongs, Tang, pi, Tanger. 

Tool, Verktyg, Redskap, 5. 

Tooth, Tand, pi. lander, 3. 

Torch, Fackl l, I. 

Torment, PI a r a. l.Plaga, a. I. 

Tortoise, Skoldpadda, 1. 

Touch, Vidrorande, n. s. Kansel, 

s.c. Roftf, 2. 
Tow, Tag, 5. Boxera, a. 1. 

o 

Towards, Emot, At, Till. 
Tower,Torn,5.Kastell,5.Faste, 4. 
Town, Stad, pi. Stader, 3. 
Trace, Uppspana, a. I. 
Trade, Handtverk, 5. Fodkrok,2. 
Train, Slap, 5. Folje, 4. 
Train, Draga, drog, Inofva, 1. 
Train-oil, Tran, s. c. 
Transfer, Ofverfora, a. 2. 
Translate, Ofrersatta, i. 4. 
Transmit, Ofversanda, a, 2. 
Trap, Fall a, 1. 
Travel, Resa, i, Resa, a. 3, 
Traveller, Resande, ad. 
Treacle, Sirap, (brun,) s. c. 



Treason, Forrader! , 3. 
Treasure, Skatt, 3. 
Treat, Traktera, Afhandla, a. L 
Treatise, Afhandling, 2. 
Treaty, Traktat, 3. 
Tree, Trad, 5. 
Trespass, Forbrytelse, 3. 
Trespass, Forbryta sig, Forbrot, 

Missbruka, 1. 
Trial, Prof, 5- Rausakning, 2. 
Trick, Knep, 5, Konst, 3. 
Trifle, Lappri, s. n. Smasak, 3. 
Triple, Trefaldig, ad. 
Trot,Traf, s. w.Trafva, a. 1. 
Trouble, Besvar, 5, Moda, 1. 
Trough, Trag, 5. Ho, 2. 
True, Sann, Viss, Redlig, ad. 
Truth, Sanning, 2. 
Try, Forsoka, a. 3. Strafva, a. 1 . 
Tub,Kar, 5.Balja, 1. 
Tumour, Svullnad, 3. 
Tune, Ton, 3. Ljud, 5. 
Turn, Vandning, 2. Fallenhet, 3. 
Turn, Vanda, a. 2. Svarfva, a. I. 
Turner, Svarfvare, 5. 
Turnip, Rofva, 1. 
Swedish Turnip, Kalrot, 3. 
Twilight, Skymning, s. c. 
Twin, Tvilling, 2. 
Twist, Tvinna, a. 1. Sno, a. 2. 
Type, Forebild, 3. Styl, 2. 

V. & U. 
Vain, Fafang, Fruktlos, ad. 
In Fain, Forglifves. 
Valet, Betjent, 3. 
Valley, Dal, 2. Dald, 3. 



161 



Value, Varde, 4. Vardera, a. 1. 
Vanity, Fafanga, s. c. 

o 

Vapour, Dunst, Vapor, 3.Anga,l. 
Various, Mangfalldig, ad. 
Vary, Foriindra, a. 1. 
Vault, Hvalf,Kiillare, 5. 
Veal, Kalfkott, s. n. 
Vegetables, Gronsaker, p. 
Veil, Florshufva, l.Dok, 5. 

o 

Vein, Adra, 1. 

Velvet, Sammet, 5. 

Venal, Fal, ad. 

Venetian Blinds, Jalusier. 

Venture, Vaga, a. I, 

Verbal, Muntlig, ad. 

Verdict, Utslag, 5. Dora, 2. 

Verse, Vers, 3. 

Very, Ganska. 

Vessel, Fartyg, Karl, 5. / 

Vex, Plaga,Reta, a. I. 

Ugly, Ful, Stygg, ad. 
Vice, Last, 3. Odygd, 3. 

Victim, Offer, 5. 

Victory, Seger, 2. 

Vie, Tafia, c. 1. 

View, Syna, a. 1. Se, Bese, t. 3. 

Vigour, Styrka, s. c. Kraft, 3. 

Village, By, 2. 

Vinegar, Attika, s.c. 

Violate, Ofofratta, a. l. Vald- 
fora, 2. 

Violence, Vald, Haftighet. s. c\ 

Virtue, Dygd, 3. 

Virtuous, Dygdig, ad. 

Visible, Synlig, ad. 

Ultimate, Slutlig, ad. 

Umbrella, Paraply, 3. 



Unaccountable, Oforklarlig, ad. 
UnafFected, Otvungen, ad 
Unanimous, Enhallig, ad> 
Unavoidable, Oundviklig, ad. 
Unbecoming, Oanstandig, ad. 
Unburthen, Aflasta, a. 1. 
Unbutton, Uppknappa, a» 3. 
Uncertain, Oviss, ad. 
Uncivil, Ohoflig, ad. 
Uncle, Farbror, or Morbror. 
Undeniable, Oneklig, ad. 
Underbid, Missbjuda, i, 2. 
Undermine, Undergrafva, 2. 
Underneatb, Inunder. 
Understand, Forsta, t. 3. 
Understanding, Forstand, s, n. 
Undertake, Foretaga, i. 2. 
Underwrite, Underskrifva* 
Underwriter, Assurador, 3. 
Undone, Forlorad, ad. 
Uudress, Afklada, a. 2. 
Undressed, Okladd, ad. 
Uneasy, Orolig, ad. 
Unequal, Olika, ad. 
Uneven, Ojemn, ad. 
Unexpected, Oformodad, ad. 
Unfair, Obiliig, ad. 
Unfit, Otjenlig, ad. 
Unfold, Utveckla, a. 1. 
Unfortunate, Olycklig, ad. 
Ungrateful, Otacksam, ad. 
Uniform, Enformig, ad. 
Union, Forening, 2. 
Universal, Allmiin, ad. 
Unknown, Obekant, ad. 
Unlawful, Olaglig, ad. 
Unlimited, Oinskrankt, ad. 
Unlucky, Olycklig, ad. 



162 



Unnecessary, Onodig, ad. 

Unpaid, Obetald, ad. 

Unpleasant, Obehaglig, ad. 

Unprovided, Oforsedd, ad. 

Unreasonable, Obillig, ad. 

Unreserved, Oppenhjertig. 

Unruly, Ostyrig, Tresk, ad. 

Unseen, Osedd, ad. 

Unsettled, Ostadig, ad. 

Unshaken, Fast, ad. 

Unsteady, Ostadig, ad, 

Unthought (of),Ofortankt. 

Untie, Knyta (opp) i.2, L6sa,3. 

Untruth, Osanning, 2. 

Unusual, Ovanlig, ad. 
Unweildy, Ovig, Tung, ad. 
Voice, Rost, 3. 
Vomit, Krakas, d. 3. 
Vow, Lofte, 4. 
Voyage, Resa,(till sjos), 1. 
Upright, Rak, Uppriktig, ad. 
Urge, Yrka, a. 1. Triinga, a. 2. 
Urn, Urna, Kruka, 1, 
Use, Bruk, 5. Bruka, a. 3. 
Useful, Nyttig, Duglig, ad. 
Usual, Vanlig, Bruklig, ad. 
Usurer, Procentare, 5. 
Usurp, Valdkrakta, a. 1. 
Utter, Yttra, a. 1. Uttala, a. 1. 3. 
Vulgar, Allman, Gemen, ad. 
Vulnerate, Sara, a. I, 

W. 

Wade, Vada, a, 1 . 
Wafer, Munlack,5. Oblat,3. 
Waft, Vefta, a. 1. 6fVerfora,«.2. 
W T ager, Vad, 5. 



T \Vages, Lon, 3. Betalning, 2. 

Waggon, Forvagn, 2. 

Wainscot, Paneling, 2. 

Waist, Medja, s. c. 

Waistcoat, Vest, 2. Lifstycke. 4. 

Wait, Vanta, a. 1. Droja, a. 2. 

Wake, Vakna, a. 1. 

Waken, Vacka, a. 3. 

Walk,Spatserande,5.Promenad,3. 
Spatsera, 1. 

Wall, Vagg, Mur, 2. 

Walnut, Valnot, 3. 

Wander, Vandra, a. 1. 

Want, Behof, 5. Behofva, a. 2. 

War, Krig, 5. 

Warble, Qvittra, Drilla, a. 1. 

Warehouse, Magasin, 5. 

Warm, Varm, ad. Varma, a. 2. 
Warn, Varna, a, I. 
W 7 arrant, Forsakra, a. I. 

Wasp, Geting, 2, 
Waste, Slosa, a. 1.3. Forspil!a,2. 
Watch, Vakt,3. Ur, 5. 
W r atch, Vakta, Akta (pa) a. 1. 
Watchmaker, Urmakare, 5. 
W r atchman, Brand vakt, 3. 
Water, Vatten, 5. Vattna, a, 1. 
Waterman, Rodare, 5. 
Wave, Vag, 1. 
Waver, Vackla, a. I. 
Wax, Vax, s. n. Vaxa, a. 1 . 
W T ay, Vag, 2. Satt, 5. 
Weak, Vek, Svag, ad. 
Weaken, Forsvaga, a, 1 . 
Weakness, Svaghet, 3. 
Wealth, Rikedom, 2. 
W r ealthy, Rik, Formogen, ad. 
Wear, Nota, a, 3. Slita, i, 2. 



163 



Weary, Trott, ad. Trotta, a. I. 
Weather, Vader, 5. Vaderlek. 
Weave, Vafva, a. 2. 
Wedding, Brollop, 5. 
Wedge, Kil,Vigg,2» 
Wedlock, Aktenskap, 3. 
Week, Vecka, 1. 
Weep, Grata, Gret. 
Weigh, Vaga, a. 2. 
Weight, Vigt, Tyngd, 3. 
Well, Brunn,2. 
Wet, Vat, ad. Vata, a. 3. 
Wheat, Hvete, s. n. 
Wheel, Hjul, 5. 
Wheel-harrow , Skott-karra. 
Whelp, Hvalp, 2. 
Wherefore, Hvarfore. 
Whet, Bryne, 4. Bryna, a, 1.3. 
Whey, Vassla, 1 . 
While, Stund, Tid, 3. 
Mean while, Emedlertid. 
Whim, Nyck, Vunn, 3. 
Whip, Basa, Piska, «. 1. 
Whiskers, Mustascher, p. 
Whisper, Hviska,l. Hviskning,2. 
Whistle, Pipa, 1. Pipa, t. 2. 
White, Hvit, ad. 
Whitewash, Hvitlimma, a. I. 
Whitsuntide, Pingst. 
Whole, Hel, ad. 
Wholesale, Grosshanclel, s. <?♦ 
Wholesome, Helsosam, ad. 
Wick, Veke, 2. 
Wicked, Elak, Ond, ad. 
Wide, Vid, Stor, Bred, ad. 
Widen, Vidga, Utvidga, a. 1. 
Widow, Enka, 1. 



Widower, Enkling, 2. 

Width, Vidd. s. c. 

Wife, Hustru, 3. 

Wig, Peruk, 3. 

Wild, Vild, Rasande, ad. 

Wilderness, Ocken, 2. 

Wile, List, 3. Knep, 5. 

Will, Vilja, s. c. 

Willow, Pil, 2. 

Wind, Vind, 2. Viider, 5. 

Window, Fonster, 5. 

Wine, Vin,3. 

W T ink, Vink, 2. Vinka, a. 1. 

Winter, Vinter, 2, Vintra, a, 1, 

Wipe, Aftorrka, a. 1 . 

Wire, Trad, (messing, stal.) 

Wise, Vis, Forstandig, ad. 

Wish, Onskan, s. c. Onska, a. 1. 

Wit, Qvickhet, 3. 

Withdraw, Ga {i. 3.) bort. 

Whither, Wissna, a, 1. 

Witness, Vitne, 4. Vitna, a. 1. 

Wolf,Varg,2. 

Woman, Qvinna, 1. 

Wonder, Under, 5. Undra, a. 1. 

Wonderful, Underlig, ad. 

Wood, Skog, 2. Ved, s. c. 

Wool, Ull,*. c. 

Word, Ord, 5. Lofte, 4. 

"Work, Verk, 5. Arbete, 4. 

Work, Arbeta, a. 1. 

World, Verld, 2. 

W r orm, Mask, 2. 

Worn, Nott, Brukad, ad. 

Worship, Dyrkan, s. c. Dyrka, 1 . 

Worth, Varde, s. n. Fortjenst, 3- 

Wound, Sar, 5. Sara, a. 1. 



4 



164 



Wreck, Skeppsbrott, Vrak, 5. 
Wrap,Insvepa, a. 3. 
Wreath, Krans, 2. Vrida, a. 3. 
Wretch, Usling, 2. Stackare. 5. 
Wretched, Olycklig, Usel, ad. 
Wrinkle, Skrynkla, 1. 
Wrist, Vrist, Handled, 3. 
Writ, Skrift,3. 
Write, Skrifva, i. 3. 
Writing-desk, Skrifpulpet. 
Wrong, Vrang, Oratt, ad. 
I am wrong,Jag hat oratt. 
Wrong, Oforratta, a 1. 
Wry, Sned, Vriden,ad. 

Y, 

Yard, Gard, Aln, 2. Ra, 3. 
Yarn, Garn, s, n. 



Yawn, GaspaT, a. 1. 

o 

Year, Ar, 5. 

o 

Yearly, Arlig, ad. 
Yelk, Agg.gula, 1. 
Yellow, Gul, ad. 
Yet, Dock, Annu. 
Yield, Medgifva, i. 2. 
Yoke, Ok, 5. 
Young, Ung, Spad, ad. 
Youth, Ungddm, Yngling, 2. 



Z. 

Zeal, Nit, s. n. Ifver, s. c. 
Zealot, Svarmare, 5. 

skare, 5. 
Zodiac, Djurkrets, s. c. 
Zone, Balte, 4. Trakt, 3. 
Zoology, Djur-liira, *. c. 



Nital- 



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